• The changing context
• Existing mechanisms of social protection
• Future needs and prospects
• Main policy conclusions

• Concepts of income security
• The various sources of income security
  • The family and local solidarity networks
  • The institutions of civil society
  • Enterprises and the commercial market
  • Public institutions
    • Regulation
    • Economic and employment policy
    • The organization and provision of social benefits
    • The provision of tax benefits
• Definition and scope of social protection

• Demographic and family structures
  • Divorce and single-parent families
  • Child poverty
  • Ageing of the population
  • Household poverty rates and the impact of social security and income tax
• Labour market structures
• Concluding comments

• Trends in social security expenditure in relation to GDP
  • Africa
  • Arab States
  • Asia
  • Latin America
  • OECD countries and Central and Eastern Europe
• Projections of social security expenditure
  
• Assessing the impact on economic performance
  • Economic mechanisms
  • Economic objectives
  • Tax cost versus specific impact
  • Importance of the institutional structure and of the system as a whole
  • Structural adjustment
  • Structural change
  • The transition process
• Globalization
  • The effects of greater international capital mobility
  • The implications of regional economic unions
• Concluding comments

• Health care as a challenge for social protection systems
• Financing health care services
  • Taxation
  • Insurance-based systems of health care finance
    • Social health insurance
    • Private health insurance
    • Mixed social health/private health insurance systems
    • Micro-insurance
    • Other forms of health insurance
  • Non‑insurance funding systems
    • Medical savings accounts
    • User fees
    • Importance and impact of user fees
• External funding
  • Reform trends in health care financing
    • Managed care
• Concluding comments

• Cash sickness benefits and sick pay
  • Sick pay and sickness benefit for employees
  • Absenteeism
• Long-term disability benefits
  • Disability benefits in developing countries
  • Disability benefit awards and the labour market
• Insurance for employment injury and occupational diseases
• Rehabilitation
• Economic impact of benefits
• Concluding comments

• Pension systems in developing countries
  • Non-contributory pensions
  • Contributory pensions
    • Social insurance
    • Mandatory retirement savings
      
• Pension systems in the advanced economies.
• The public-private mix
• Pension financing
• Reform of contributory pension systems
  • Raising pensionable age
  • Linking benefits more closely to contributions
  • The resilience of social insurance schemes
  • Reforms in tax-financed pension provision
  • Pension reform in the transition economies
• Pensions and gender
  • Survivors’ pensions
  • Social assistance and gender
  • Pension-splitting
• Concluding comments
• Annex 6.1.                     Unpredictability of pensions in mandatory retirement savings schemes
• Annex 6.2.                     Public pensions and household savings

• Unemployment benefits and employment protection
  • Industrialized countries
    • Countries with high levels of unemployment protection
    • Countries with medium levels of unemployment protection
    • Impact on the level and distribution of unemployment
  • Unemployment benefits, unemployment and employment
  • Common trends in unemployment protection systems in the 1990s
  • Countries in Central and Eastern Europe
    • Deteriorating unemployment benefits
    • Outlook for the future
  • The middle-income developing countries
    • Latin America and the Caribbean
    • South and South-East Asia
• Towards an employment guarantee for the underemployed
  • Characteristics of employment-intensive programmes (EIPs)
  • The employment guarantee as a form of unemployment insurance?
• Concluding comments

• Maternity protection
• Family and child benefits
• Concluding comments

• Personal coverage and benefit levels
• The means test and other eligibility criteria
• Financing and administration
• Concluding comments

• Reasons for low personal coverage
• Extension of statutory social insurance schemes
• Promoting micro-insurance schemes
  • The priority of health insurance
  • Work- and residence-based organizations for social protection
• Towards effective poverty alleviation
• Policies for the extension of social protection

• Recognition of the need to improve the scope and level of social protection
  • Changing patterns of employment
  • Changing gender roles and family structures
  • Extending coverage
• Trends in the allocation of resources and responsibilities
  • Increasing reliance on social assistance
  • Increasing reliance on occupational or private provision
• Making social security systems work better
  • Shaping the social protection system and improving strategic planning
  • Choosing the most appropriate institutional arrangements
  • Improved administration at the operational level
• Concluding comments

• Extending the coverage of social protection
• The need for good governance
• The link between social protection and gender
• Affordability and the positive economic effects of social protection
• Popular participation, support and willingness to pay

Updated by JD. Approved by ER. Last update 7 December 2001