Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2023, published 112nd ILC session (2024)

Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) - Afghanistan (Ratification: 2010)

The Committee notes with deep concern that the Government’s report has not been received. It is therefore bound to repeat its previous comments. The Committee informs the Government that, if it has not supplied replies to the points raised by 1 September 2024, then it may proceed with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the information at its disposal at its next session.

Repetition

The Committee notes the observations of the International Organisation of Employers (IOE) received on 30 August 2017, and the in-depth discussion on the application of the Convention by Afghanistan in the Committee on the Application of Standards at the 106th Session of the International Labour Conference in June 2017.

Follow-up to the conclusions of the Committee on the Application of Standards(International Labour Conference, 106th Session, June 2017)

Articles 3(a) and 7(2)(b) of the Convention. All forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery and effective and time-bound measures. Compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict and providing the necessary and appropriate direct assistance for the removal of children from the worst forms of child labour, and for their rehabilitation and social integration. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that the Law on prohibiting the recruitment of child soldiers criminalizes the recruitment of children under the age of 18 years into the Afghan Security Forces. The Committee also noted that a total of 116 cases of recruitment and use of children, including one girl, were documented in 2015. Out of these: 13 cases were attributed to the Afghan National Defence and Security forces; five to the Afghan National Police; five to the Afghan Local Police; and three to the Afghan National Army; while the majority of verified cases were attributed to the Taliban and other armed groups who used children for combat and suicide attacks. The United Nations verified 1,306 incidents resulting in 2,829 child casualties (733 killed and 2,096 injured), an average of 53 children were killed or injured every week. A total of 92 children were abducted in 2015 in 23 incidents.

In this regard, the Committee noted the following measures taken by the Government:

• The Government of Afghanistan signed an Action Plan with the United Nations on 30 January 2011 to end and prevent the recruitment and use of children by the Afghan National Security Forces, including the Afghan National Police, Afghan Local Police and Afghan National Army.
• A roadmap to accelerate the implementation of the Action Plan was endorsed by the Government on 1 August 2014.
• The Government endorsed age-assessment guidelines to prevent the recruitment of minors.
• In 2015 and early 2016, three additional child protection units were established in Mazar e Sharif, Jalalabad and Kabul, bringing the total to seven. These units are embedded in Afghan National Police recruitment centres and are credited with preventing the recruitment of hundreds of children.

The Committee notes that the Conference Committee recommended that the Government take measures as a matter of urgency to ensure the full and immediate demobilization of all children and to put a stop, in practice, to the forced recruitment of children into armed forces and groups. It further recommended the Government to take immediate and effective measures to ensure that thorough investigations and prosecutions of all persons who forcibly recruit children for use in armed conflict are carried out, and that sufficiently effective and dissuasive penalties are imposed in law and practice. Finally, the Conference Committee recommended the Government to take effective and time-bound measures to provide for the rehabilitation and social integration of children who are forced to join armed groups.

The Committee notes the IOE’s indication that children are engaged in armed conflict in Afghanistan. The Committee notes the Government representative’s indication to the Conference Committee that the Law on the Prohibition of Children’s Recruitment in the Armed Forces (2014), along with other associated instruments, has helped prevent the recruitment of 496 children into national and local police ranks in 2017. Moreover, the Ministry of Interior, in cooperation with relevant government agencies, was effectively implementing Presidential Decree No. 129 which prohibits, among others, the use or recruitment of children in police ranks. Inter-ministerial commissions tasked with the prevention of child recruitment in national and local police have been established in Kabul and the provinces, and child support centres have been set up in 20 provinces, with efforts under way to establish similar centres in the remaining provinces. Finally, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that the National Directorate of Security has recently issued Order No. 0555, prohibiting the recruitment of underage persons and that the Order is being implemented in all security institutions and monitored by national and international human rights organizations. While acknowledging the complexity of the situation on the ground and the presence of armed groups and armed conflict in the country, the Committee requests the Government to continue its efforts in taking immediate and effective measures to put a stop, in practice, to the recruitment of children under 18 years by armed groups, the national armed forces and police authorities, as well as measures to ensure the demobilization of children involved in armed conflict. It once again urges the Government to take immediate and effective measures to ensure that thorough investigations and robust prosecutions of persons who forcibly recruit children under 18 years of age for use in armed conflict are carried out, and that sufficiently effective and dissuasive penalties are imposed in practice. Finally, it requests the Government to take effective and time-bound measures to remove children from armed groups and armed forces and ensure their rehabilitation and social integration, and to provide information on the measures taken in this regard and on the results achieved.

Articles 3(b) and 7(2)(b). Use, procuring or offering of children for prostitution and providing the necessary and appropriate direct assistance for the removal of children from the worst forms of child labour and for their rehabilitation and social integration. The Committee previously noted that concerns remained regarding the cultural practice of bacha-bazi (dancing boys), which involves the sexual exploitation of boys by men in power, including the Afghan National Defence and Security Forces’ commanders. It also noted that there are many child victims of bacha bazi, particularly boys between 10 and 18 years of age who have been sexually exploited for long periods of time. The Committee further noted that some families knowingly sell their children into forced prostitution, including for bacha-bazi.

The Committee notes that the Conference Committee recommended the Government to take immediate and effective measures to eliminate the practice of bacha-bazi. It also recommended the Government to take effective and time bound measures to provide for the rehabilitation and social integration of children who are sexually exploited.

The Committee notes the Government representative’s indication to the Conference Committee that the Child Protection Law has been submitted to Parliament for adoption and makes the practice of bacha-bazi a criminal offence. The Committee also notes the new Law on Combating Human Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants of 2017 (Law on Human Trafficking of 2017). It notes that section 10(2) of this Law punishes the perpetrator of trafficking to eight years’ imprisonment when the victim is a child or when the victim is exploited for the purpose of dancing. The Committee urges the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure the effective implementation of the prohibition contained in section 10(2) of the Law on Human Trafficking of 2017. It requests the Government to provide information on the results achieved to effectively eliminate the practice of bacha-bazi, to remove children from this worst forms of child labour and to provide assistance for their rehabilitation and social integration. It also requests the Government to provide information on the adoption of the Child Protection Law, and its effective implementation.

Article 7(2). Clauses (a) and (e). Preventing the engagement of children in the worst forms of child labour and taking into account the special situation of girls. Access to free basic education. The Committee previously noted the Government’s statement that as a result of the past three decades of conflict, insecurity and drought, children and youth are the most affected victims, a majority of whom are deprived of proper education and training. The Committee noted that Afghanistan is among the poorest performers in providing sufficient education to its population. A large number of boys and girls in 16 out of 34 provinces had no access to schools by 2013 due to insurgents’ attacks and threats that lead to the closure of schools. In addition to barriers arising from insecurity throughout 2015, anti-government elements deliberately restricted the access of girls to education, including closure of girls’ schools and a ban on girls’ education. More than 369 schools were closed partially or completely, affecting at least 139,048 students, and more than 35 schools were used for military purposes in 2015. Finally, the Committee noted the low enrolment rate of girls, in particular at the secondary school level, high dropout rates especially in rural areas owing to a lack of security in the journey to and from school, and the increased number of attacks on girls’ schools and written threats warning girls to stop going to school by non-state armed groups.

The Committee notes the Government representative’s statement at the Conference Committee that many households respond to poverty by taking their children out of school and forcing them into labour. The Government indicates that child labour is not only a law enforcement matter but a fundamental problem which requires a comprehensive understanding and a robust response mechanism. With a view to providing preschool support to children under the age of six, the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disabled has established over 366 local kindergartens which house over 27,000 children. The Government also indicates it is taking strong action against the exploiters as well as the families who knowingly force their children into prostitution and expects a sharp decline in the practice in the coming years. Finally, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that school burnings and the imposition of bans in Taliban-controlled areas prevented girls and children from attending school. While acknowledging the difficult situation prevailing in the country, the Committee urges the Government to take the necessary measures to raise awareness among households that education is key in preventing the engagement of children in the worst forms of child labour. Additionally, it once again urges the Government to take the necessary measures to improve the functioning of the education system and to ensure access to free basic education, including by taking measures to increase the school enrolment and completion rates, both at the primary and secondary levels, particularly of girls.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

The Committee expects that the Government will make every effort to take the necessary action in the near future.