Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98) - North Macedonia (Ratification: 1991)

Individual Case (CAS) - Discussion: 2023, Publication: 111st ILC session (2023)

Discussion by the Committee

Chairperson – We will now start the second case on our agenda, which is North Macedonia on the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98).

Government representative – After a long period of preparation of the new Law on Labour Relations and after ten public debates that have been carried out across the country, the process is now in the final phase. Before going through the governmental procedure, the draft law will be placed on the electronic national register of regulations, where the public and all the stakeholders will be able to provide their last comments on it.

The draft law was prepared in line with the technical memorandum of the ILO, including the areas of collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements. I would like to point out that for the drafting of the law, a broad working group was formed that included representatives from all trade unions regardless of their representativeness. All of them, in this five-year period, were able to contribute to the concept of the draft law, as well as to the conformity of its provisions, in line with their interests. For this process to go as smoothly as possible we received technical assistance from the ILO Office.

We realize that some public enterprises do not act in accordance with the Law on Labour Relations regarding collective bargaining and especially with respect to the legally established protection of trade union representatives and, to this end, we plan to further sensitize the appropriate structures in public enterprises and legal entities. According to the activities planned, the Government plans to work, until the end of 2025, on improving the legal framework for the peaceful resolution of labour disputes as the ILO self-assessment tool, designed for this purpose, highlighted certain weaknesses in several areas of the legislation in this regard. At the same time, special attention will be paid to the area of individual labour disputes, also by further raising awareness about the advantages for both workers and employers in applying this mechanism, taking into account the dismissals of union representatives that can take place.

Also, with the adoption of the new Law on Labour Relations, we plan to have training on its application for labour inspectors and judges, because we consider them as significant in the protection of collective bargaining rights and of trade union representatives. For this, we will again rely on the technical assistance of the ILO that can be obtained.

Finally, in relation to the allegations of the complainant, regarding the Commission for Representativeness and its functioning, the Government’s procedure and information will enable the formation of a new Commission for Representativeness and the adoption of our procedure would make it impossible for a member of the Commission to block its functioning.

Worker members – Convention No. 98 is at the heart of social dialogue in that it enshrines the right to organize and bargain collectively. This Convention recalls the fundamental principle of the need for workers to enjoy adequate protection against all acts of discrimination aimed at undermining freedom of association. It also provides that workers’ and employers’ organizations shall enjoy adequate protection against any acts of interference by each other or each other’s agents or members in their establishment, functioning or administration. However, it has come to our attention that acts of interference in the activities of trade unions have been observed in certain companies, consisting of encouraging certain workers and trade unionists to join another trade union in contravention of the Convention. Article 4 of the Convention provides that measures appropriate to national conditions shall be taken where necessary, to encourage and promote the full development and utilization of machinery for voluntary negotiation between employers or employers’ and workers’ organizations, with a view to the regulation of terms and conditions of employment by means of collective agreements. North Macedonia ratified the Convention in 1991. However, we have to note several shortcomings in North Macedonia with regard to the principles enshrined in the Convention, thus raising serious questions as to the conformity of legislation and practice in North Macedonia with the Convention. The Committee of Experts has in the past made 13 observations to the Macedonian Government concerning the application of the Convention, indicating the persistence of the Committee of Experts’ questions about the situation in the country.

The Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Macedonia (KSS), reported a large number of acts of anti-union discrimination in 2021. Numerous dismissals of trade union representatives have been recorded in many sectors. For instance, we were informed of interference by management of a number of companies in mainly state-owned sectors, by pressing workers to change trade union affiliation, to establish a new union, or to stop being active in a trade union. Managers were questioning outcomes of elections and refusing to recognize leaders authorized by trade unions to represent their organization. Check-off facilities of trade union dues were sometimes withdrawn, KSS leaders and members were dismissed or forcibly transferred to other regions far from home.

The court procedures to contest unlawful dismissals of trade union leaders are lengthy and cumbersome, but even when a court rules in favour, the implementation of its decision is not streamlined. However, under the Convention, Member States are under the obligation to take specific measures to ensure the adequate protection of workers against any acts of anti-union discrimination, both at the time of taking up employment and in the course of employment, including at the time of termination of the employment relationship. Such adequate protection is particularly necessary for trade unionists.

The unions also inform about the non-application of collective agreements. The results of collective bargaining do not receive the support of the Government, which does not take the budgetary measures needed to implement these agreements for the public sector, thereby in fact, violating the minimal salary act. In this context, we think it is worth pointing out that the Convention covers all workers and employers and their respective organizations in both the private and public sectors. In true collective bargaining on wages, the parties find the best solutions to mitigate consequences of the Covid, energy and cost of living crises.

Finally, the KSS pointed to the inability of the Commission for Representativeness to rule on its representativeness in the public sector. Although the application was lodged in 2018, the KSS is still faced with the Government’s refusal to recognize its representativeness in the public sector, therefore obstructing the KSS’s full participation in social dialogue and its members’ right to organize collectively, in contravention of the Convention.

The Committee of Experts’ observation also raises the question of the coverage of Macedonian workers by collective bargaining. It appears that the coverage rate is 68.7 per cent in the private sector and 31.35 per cent in the public sector. While not the panacea, the rate of coverage by collective bargaining is a good indicator of the quality of the collective bargaining system applicable in the country. We can only encourage the Government to continue efforts and to take all useful measures to increase the rate of coverage of workers by collective bargaining.

The EU recently adopted a new directive on the promotion of collective bargaining and the adequacy of minimum wages. The directive sets a target of 80 per cent collective bargaining coverage. Below this threshold new Member States will have to put in place an action plan to increase their collective bargaining coverage. As North Macedonia is currently in the process of negotiating its accession to the EU, we can only encourage the Macedonian Government to work as of now, to increase the rate of collective bargaining coverage in the country, in accordance with EU legislation and thus promote development of collective bargaining, as provided for in Article 4 of the Convention. We hope that the EU will support the Government’s efforts to rapidly reach the 80 per cent threshold for collection bargaining coverage.

Research has indicated that countries with highly coordinated collective bargaining, tend to have less inequality in wages, lower and less persistent unemployment and fewer and shorter strikes, than countries where collective bargaining is less established. The low wage exploitative model promoted by North Macedonia has already led to a massive outflow of workers. Nonetheless, instead of improving working conditions, promoting decent salaries and encouraging collective bargaining, the Government is looking to legalize exploitative working environments by making dangerous labour law changes and bypassing national social dialogue mechanisms under pressure from foreign companies. That is not what is expected from the country that adheres to international and European standards. We can, therefore, only encourage the Government to further promote collective bargaining in the country in full compliance with the Convention.

Employer members – We thank the Government of North Macedonia for the information provided in the intervention, of which we have fully taken note. The Employer members stress the importance of States’ compliance with the Convention, which is one of the ten ILO core Conventions. More specifically, we believe that this case is about the essential nurturing of social dialogue, independence of social partners and their ability to exercise the rights provided for in the Convention without interference by the State. This is the first time the case of North Macedonia’s compliance with the Convention is discussed by this Committee. North Macedonia ratified the Convention in 1991. Since then, 13 observations have been issued by the Committee of Experts. This indicates the existence of persistent compliance issues with the obligations set forth in the Convention by the country. The Employer members would like to highlight that the Government has received ILO technical assistance regarding the adoption of the new draft labour law and a special Law on Workers’ and Employers’ Organizations and Collective Bargaining. The Office has provided comments on both.

Before delving into the key issues of this case, let me provide some information on the country’s context. On the political context, presidential elections were held in North Macedonia in spring 2019 and early parliamentary elections in July 2020, which saw the ruling party securing a narrow victory over the main opposition party. Regarding the freedom of association and assembly, such rights are implemented in law by the Constitution. Moreover, the law for citizens’ associations and foundations, which was adopted in 1998 and amended in 2007 and 2009, enables citizens to form and join independent political or civic groups.

Let me now turn to the key issues of this case. The Committee of Experts, in its 2022 observations, identified two main elements of concern regarding North Macedonia’s compliance with the Convention. These issues concern compliance with Article 4 of the Convention.

The Employer members would like to point out that, since 2018, social dialogue is being nurtured and developed. However, the Law on Labour Relations is still not fully harmonized and completed despite six years of negotiations and formal dialogue. Concerning this Law, according to the Government’s information, it was finally decided to include the sections relating to the organization of workers and employers, as well as collective bargaining within its framework. We also take note that, according to the Government, the process of preparing this Law will be finalized. However, we believe that it would be advisable that the process of adoption of the new Law on Labour Relations be accelerated and concluded without undue delay.

We ask the Government to take due account of the comments made by the Office and to ensure that the new Labour Law is developed in line with the Convention. We further request the Government to provide information on any progress made in this regard. On the promotion of collective bargaining in practice, the Employer members take note of the sharp rise in the collective bargaining covered between 2019 and 2021. Notably, for the first quarter of 2021, the State Statistical Office reports that the general collective agreement in the private sector covered nearly 450,000 employees, that is 68.7 per cent of the employees in the country. Furthermore, the general collective agreement in the public sector covered almost 205,000 employees, corresponding to 31.3 per cent of the total number of employees in the country.

In light of this information, we request the Government to:

- first, indicate the factors that have led to this increase;

- second, provide information on the provisions regulating the relationship between general and specific collective agreements in private and public sectors; and

- third, continue providing information on the application of the Convention in practice, including statistical data concerning the number of collective agreements concluded in both public and private sectors and the number of workers covered.

Finally, we take note that, according to the Committee of Experts’ observations, the Government is not responding to a series of allegations made by the KSS in 2021 concerning:

- acts of anti-union discrimination including dismissal, against trade union representatives;

- the non-application of collective agreements by the Ministry of Education, as well as;

- the inability of the Commission for Representativeness to decide on the representativeness of the KSS in the public sector.

We request the Government to provide its comments on these allegations.

Worker member, North Macedonia – The implementation of the Convention is very problematic and under attack by the Government and members of Parliament of the ruling majority given that, with fast-track amendments to the labour law, we now have a 72-hour working week in North Macedonia. The Confederation of Macedonia as the only representative trade union and national social partner was not consulted during the adoption of the special law on determining public interest and nominating a strategic partner for implementation of the project for the construction of the pan-European corridors VIII and X, although it is an obligation according to the ILO Convention concerning labour clauses. It is also an obligation for the Government to consult the representatives of the workers and employers. The Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia (SSM), has not been consulted or familiarized with the proposed amendments to the Law on Labour Relations. These amendments were submitted to Parliament in a fast-tracked procedure even though a new law on labour relations has been under negotiation for more than five years. During these five years of negotiations, these proposals and fast-track amendments were not considered nor mentioned by the Government

This only indicates to us that the entire negotiation process is fractured and not conducted on honest and correct grounds. But the views of the unions involved in the civil sector and the scientific community in the country are not respected at all, with a single goal to satisfy a foreign consortium to determine not only the situation of the workers but the entire state. Last year, SSM, together with the construction union, SJB, launched an initiative regarding the provisions of the 72-hour working week. For the construction of corridor VIII, this provision was ruled as unconstitutional and illegal by the Constitutional Court of Macedonia.

Section 12 of the Law on determining public interest in nominating a strategic partner for the implementation of the projects of the construction of the infrastructure corridor VIII was denied by the Constitutional Court. SSM and SJP submitted an amendment request to the Minister of Parliament, which was rejected. This was extremely unfair to the workers. A certain group of ministers of Parliament who were worried about the decision of the Constitutional Court in order to avoid the position of the constitutional court proposed the arrangement of such a provision in the Law on Labour Relations labour law relation by which workers will now work 72 hours on average per week, which is a 50 per cent increase in working time with overtime, compared to the current law on working hours of 40 hours per week, eight hours per day. This discredits the Constitution, the laws, collective agreements, decisions of the Constitutional Court, international labour standards, the working time Convention, EU directives and other international documents; it directly violates decent working hours and decent jobs, as one of the greatest benefits of our civilization. At the same time, we use the opportunity to inform you that the Constitutional Court reached decision N4/2022. It did not initiate a procedure for the violation of the constitutionality of the law, amendments and supplements of the Law on Labour Relations.

In relation to the initiative of the Chamber of Commerce concerning Sunday as a non-working day, the unions provided as a workers’ right, from January 2022 and the Constitutional Court decided that the Law on Labour Relations prescribes a favourable solution with a significant impact on the material and social position in the realization of rights of workers.

In relation to the non-working days in the week and the compensations for work on Sundays and holidays, the Government and members of Parliament want to satisfy one foreign employer consortium for business interests, against the lives and health of the workers, which for the unions is illogical, inhumane, extremely unprincipled and contrary to the interests of workers. We pointed out to the Government and the ministers of Parliament that 1 May is marked precisely as a sign of respect for the victims of the strike that took place from 1 May to 4 May in 1886 in Chicago, which was organized in order to introduce an eight-hour working day. With the proposals for the amendments and supplements to the Law on Labour Relations after a short procedure without social dialogue, without consultation, a small group of ministers of Parliament managed to trample the fundamental rights to decent working hours and decent work which dated back to 1886 and put the Macedonian workers back by 157 years.

In the name of solidarity and humanity, we must not allow these amendments to the Law on Labour Relations to prevail. This inhuman provision will take human lives and we have no lives to spare. This is also contrary to our Constitution, under which the workers cannot waive their rights to daily, weekly and annual rest days because this is a fundamental constitutional right that workers must enjoy.

To put salt on an open wound, these amendments to the labour legislation passed in Parliament in a fast-track procedure and the Government put an EU flag on them to ensure they passed even though the European Commission and the EU delegation in North Macedonia openly criticized the Government and were against this flag because there are no EU values in the provisions of the law.

We must not allow anyone to play with the lives and health of workers. SSM and the SJB will therefore use all the mechanisms at their disposal to preserve decent working time, which is a pillar of workers’ rights that has to apply to the Macedonian workers as it applies to EU workers.

At the same time, the Government and Ministry of Labour enacted the regulation that bans the signing of collective agreements with the public sector without exclusive written consent from the Minister of Finance. This is contrary to the labour law, the Constitution of North Macedonia and the ILO Conventions enacted in Macedonia.

Regarding the wage agreements made through the collective agreement, we have been in open negotiations for four years to find a new collective agreement for the workers in the public sector. Since those negotiations started, the Government has increased the salary of every public official in the country by 78 per cent or, to be precise, more than €1,000 per month for public officials, and it still refuses to increase the salaries of the public sector workers.

As the Worker members already stated in their opening statements, we are facing an exodus of public sector workers, who are going to the private sector and into the EU countries.

Interpretation from German: Worker member, Germany – With a distinct sense of unease, we have been monitoring a number of recent events taking place in the Republic of North Macedonia, including the freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining. The Committee of Experts’, in its report, quite rightly calls for the new labour law to be adapted in line with the Convention and to enshrine the rights therein. After five years without any significant progress being made in the reform process, at the end of last month, all of a sudden, profound changes were introduced to the labour legislation, which went in the wrong direction and have caused us grave concerns.

Amendments passed by Parliament on 25 May 2023 allow exceptions to national legislation on maximum working hours, provided they affect the, so-called and unspecified, “national interest”. The timing and the rushed nature of this reform suggest that this is to accelerate the completion of the motorway project by a joint venture with the United States-and Turkey. These construction projects are a key element in the planning of the transport community between the EU and the western Balkan countries. The North Macedonian infrastructure project aims to bring the regions between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea closer.

During the legislative process, the trade unions were not substantially involved. The well-established system of tripartite social dialogue, through the Economic and Social Council, has been circumvented by the Government. This is all the more serious because of the fundamental interference in labour law. The new legislation would make it possible in theory for a 72-hour working week, which affects workers in the construction sector. This would call into question the 170-year-old eight-hour working day, which was historically fought and enshrined. We also see that the EU has a responsibility here with these infrastructure projects. They must ensure that there is fair trade union participation. These projects must, under no circumstances, lead to a weakening of fundamental labour laws.

In the case at hand, we see the consequences of the omnipresent shortage of skilled labour. In North Macedonia there is a shortage of 10,000 skilled labourers every year. This is due to the large-scale emigration to the EU Member States and the unsatisfactory working conditions are often pinpointed as a reason for the emigration. A weakening of the rules on the maximum working time also represents a further weakening of labour law.

Furthermore, the EU and its Member States as well as North Macedonia, have a duty to develop a socially responsible workforce policy. We fully support the trade unions in North Macedonia to enjoy their rights in full.

Worker member, Belgium – As a workers’ representative from a country where different trade union organizations coexist, I would like to express my concern at the anti-union discrimination by public officials and public institutions in North Macedonia, in violation of the Convention.

The request for representation of the KSS has been pending before the authorities for several years. De facto, this request has been rejected. The trade union has therefore been refused full participation in national social dialogue, prevented from participating in the economic and social policymaking process, and deprived of the opportunity to represent the interests and promote the rights of its members within national tripartite bodies.

In addition, it has been clearly established that the management of a number of mainly state-owned enterprises have put pressure on workers to change the union they belong to, form a new union or end their activity in a union. Managers have questioned election results. They have refused to recognize leaders authorized by unions to represent their organizations. Mechanisms for the deduction of trade union dues have sometimes been withdrawn. KSS leaders and members have been dismissed or forcibly transferred to other regions, far from their homes. These measures have led to a drastic reduction in the number of KSS members.

It is very concerning that this is happening with the Government’s blessing, as it relates mainly to public enterprises. The information provided by the KSS to the Committee of Experts contains very clear examples of all this interference.

We expect the Government to create the conditions for workers to join or not join any trade union of their free choice, without using coercion and without establishing preferential conditions. We also expect that appropriate inquiries are led into the cases of interference and discrimination, and that the penalties imposed on the perpetrators of this interference will dissuade such behaviour in the public or private sector. Lastly, we expect that the Government will not hamper the participation of the KSS in the national social dialogue by manipulating the procedures for the certification of representativeness.

Government representative – I have some additional explanation regarding the procedure of giving the representativeness certification for KSS. In fact, the Commission for Representativeness has ruled in accordance with the procedure of determining the representative unions for the national territory of the Republic of Macedonia, including for the public sector. According to the decision from December 2021, SSM, which is a federation of trade unions, gained the representativeness on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia for the public sector. Previously, KSS had this certification. So, it lost its certification the same year that they submitted their allegations. They can submit a new request when it is time for that according to the law. The amendments to the Law on Labour Relations only concern work on projects of strategic national importance established by law. The exceptions from the legally set framework for full working time or weekly working time or overtime which are allowed are only for projects of strategic and national importance, which is established by law. This means that these provisions could not be in place when this is not confirmed by law, which, you will agree, is really harder to establish just in any case. Work over 40-hours per week is considered overtime with mandatory consent of the worker and with respect to the provisions for daily and weekly rest according to the law.

Employer members – The Employer members thank the various speakers who took the floor, notably the Government of North Macedonia for the interventions and detailed information provided. The Employer members reiterate the importance of states’ compliance with the Convention, which is one of the ten ILO core Conventions.

In light of today’s discussion, the Employer members recommend that the Government, firstly, provides information on any progress on the new Law on Labour Relations; second, indicates the factors that have led to the rise in the collective bargaining coverage between 2019 and 2021; and third, provide information on the provisions regulating the relationship between general and specific collective agreements in the private and public sector. Finally, the Government should provide further comments as to allegations of acts of anti-union discrimination, the non-application of collective agreements by the Ministry of Education and the inability of the Commission for Representativeness to decide on the representativeness of the KSS in the public sector.

Worker members – In the first place, I would like to thank the Government of North Macedonia for the information provided. I would also express my appreciation for the fact that the workers’ representative from North Macedonia was there to take the floor and we regret the fact that no employer from North Macedonia has taken this opportunity to inform the Committee on their respective views.

The situation in North Macedonia continues to be of concern to the Worker members. There are still many indications of serious breaches of the Convention. Numerous acts of anti-union discrimination have been reported by the KSS. In response to these shortcomings, the Government will have to ensure that workers are adequately protected against all acts of discrimination aimed at undermining workers’ freedom of association. It is also useful to remind the Government that it must ensure the implementation of rapid and effective procedures, as well as effective and sufficiently dissuasive sanctions that ensure the practical application of the protections provided against acts of anti-union discrimination.

We have received reports of interference in the organization of trade unions. It is important for the Government to ensure that workers’ and employers’ organizations shall enjoy adequate protection against any acts of interference by each other, or each other’s agents or members in their establishment, functioning or administration.

We ask the Government to provide all relevant information to the Committee of Experts concerning the provisions on the organization of workers and employers, as well as on collective bargaining which have been included in the new Law on Labour Relations, and to indicate to what extent these provisions resolved the shortcomings discussed and the status of this legislation, as well as any other legal acts that were not at the ILO’s disposal. We also invite the Government to actively promote the results of collective bargaining by respecting the agreements reached between social partners in both the private and public sectors, and by taking all measures to implement the results of collective bargaining. The Government should also ensure that the procedures for recognizing the representativeness of the KSS in the public sector are activated as soon as possible, in accordance with national legislation, in order to ensure the full participation of the KSS in social dialogue and guarantee the right of its members to organize collectively.

We also invite the Government to continue its efforts to promote collective bargaining in the country, in particular by adopting measures that will further increase the rate of coverage of workers by collective bargaining. We also invite the Government to communicate to the Committee of Experts the factors that have led to the increase in the rate of coverage by collective bargaining, as well as information on the provisions regulating the relationship between general and specific collective agreements in the private and public sectors.

We also invite the Government to continue to provide the Committee of Experts with information on the application of the Convention in practice including statistical data on the number of collective agreements concluded in public and private sectors and the number of workers covered.

Finally, in order to implement all these recommendations, we invite the Government of North Macedonia to avail itself of ILO technical assistance and to accept a direct contacts mission in order to give full effect to these recommendations

Conclusions of the Committee

The Committee took note of oral information provided by the Government and the discussion that followed.

The Committee noted with concern the multiple acts of anti-union discrimination reported in the country.

Taking into account the discussion, the Committee urges the Government, in consultation with the social partners, to take effective and time-bound measures to:

- ensure that workers enjoy their rights under the Convention and are protected against acts of anti-union discrimination;

- ensure that workers’ and employers’ organizations enjoy adequate protection against any external acts of interference in their establishment, functioning or administration;

- ensure that existing and prospective legislation is in conformity with the Convention; respect the collective agreements reached between social partners, in both the private and public sectors, and take appropriate measures to implement their results;

- ensure the proper functioning of the Commission for representativeness so that the procedures for recognizing the Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Macedonia (KSS) in the public sector are activated as soon as possible in accordance with national legislation. This is in order to ensure the full participation of the KSS in social dialogue and to guarantee the right of its members to organize collectively;

- communicate to the Committee of Experts the factors that have led to the increase in the rate of coverage by collective bargaining, as well as information on the provisions regulating the relationship between general and specific collective agreements in private and public sectors;

- continue to provide the Committee of Experts with information on the application of the Convention in practice, including statistical data on the number of collective agreements concluded in public and private sectors and the number of workers covered.

The Committee invites the Government to avail itself of ILO technical assistance to ensure full compliance with its obligations under the Convention in law and practice.

The Committee invites the Government to accept a direct contacts mission in order to best support the Government and social partners to implement these recommendations.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2022, published 111st ILC session (2023)

The Committee notes that the Government does not reply to the 2021 observations of the Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Macedonia (KSS) denouncing: (i) acts of anti-union discrimination, including dismissal, against trade union representatives; (ii) the non-application of collective agreements by the Ministry of Education; and (iii) the inability of the Commission for representativeness to decide on the representativeness of the KSS in the public sector. The Committee once again requests the Government to provide its comments in this regard.

Article 4 of the Convention. Promotion of collective bargaining. The Committee had previously requested the Government to inform on the adoption process of a new Labour Law (Law on Labour Relations) and a special Law on Worker and Employer Organization and Collective Bargaining, which had both given rise to technical comments from the Office. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the process of preparing the new Law on Labour Relations, which has involved the social partners, will be finalised in the near future. The Government informs that it has been decided that the sections relating to the organization of workers and employers as well as collective bargaining will finally be included within the framework of the new Law on Labour Relations. Taking due note of these developments, the Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that due account is taken of the comments which were previously made by the Office and that the new Law on Labour Relations is adopted shortly. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on any progress made in this regard.

Collective bargaining in practice. The Committee notes the information provided by the Government indicating that, in the private sector, a General Collective Agreement was concluded along with nine specific collective agreements, while in the public sector, a General Collective Agreement was concluded in addition to ten specific collective agreements. The Committee further notes that according to the data of the State Statistical Office for the first quarter of 2021, the General Collective Agreement in the private sector covers 449,822 employees, which represents 68.7 per cent of the 654,662 employees in the country, and the General Collective Agreement in the public sector covers 204,840 employees, which constitutes 31.3 per cent of the total number of employees in the country. Noting with interest a sharp rise in the number of workers covered by collective agreements between 2019 and 2021, the Committee requests the Government to indicate the factors that have led to this increase.The Committee also requests it to provide information on the provisions regulating the relationship betweengeneral and specific collective agreements in private and public sectors, and to continue providing information on the application of the Convention in practice, including statistical data concerning the number of collective agreements concluded in both public and private sectors and the number of workers covered.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

The Committee notes the observations of the Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Macedonia (KSS), received on 1 September 2021, which denounce (i) acts of anti-union discrimination, including dismissal, against trade union representatives; (ii) the non-application of collective agreements by the Ministry of Education; and (iii) the inability of the Commission for representativeness to decide on the representativeness of the KSS in the public sector. The Committee requests the Government to provide its comments thereon.

The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It is therefore bound to repeat its previous comments.

Article 4 of the Convention. Promotion of collective bargaining. The Committee notes the information provided by the Government concerning the outcome of the “Promoting Social Dialogue” project implemented from October 2014 until April 2017. It notes that the Government indicates that: (i) training for collective bargaining skills was realized in the framework of this project in six sectors (transport, trade, tourism, agriculture, construction, and textile); (ii) 80 per cent of the planned measures from the Tripartite Action Plan for the promotion of collective bargaining were realized; and (iii) the new Labour Law and the special Law on Worker and Employer Organizations and Collective Bargaining are currently under preparation. Noting that the mentioned draft laws gave rise to technical comments from the Office, the Committee requests the Government to inform on the adoption process of the new Labour Law and the special Law on Worker and Employer Organizations and Collective Bargaining

Collective bargaining in practice. The Committee notes the statistical data provided by the Government concerning the number of collective agreements concluded in both the public and private sectors and the number of workers covered (respectively: 102,506 workers from six concluded collective agreements and 51,388 workers from ten concluded collective agreements). The Committee notes with interest that since 2014 and the beginning of the “Promoting Social Dialogue” project, the rate of workers covered by collective agreements moved from 21.8 per cent to 24.6 per cent and that the number of collective agreements signed at the enterprise level increased by 29 per cent. The Committee invites the Government to keep promoting collective bargaining at all levels and to keep providing information on the number of collective agreements signed and the percentage of the workforce covered.

The Committee hopes that the Government will make every effort to take the necessary action in the near future.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

Article 4 of the Convention. Promotion of collective bargaining. The Committee notes the information provided by the Government concerning the outcome of the “Promoting Social Dialogue” project implemented from October 2014 until April 2017. It notes that the Government indicates that: (i) training for collective bargaining skills was realized in the framework of this project in six sectors (transport, trade, tourism, agriculture, construction, and textile); (ii) 80 per cent of the planned measures from the Tripartite Action Plan for the promotion of collective bargaining were realized; and (iii) the new Labour Law and the special Law on Worker and Employer Organizations and Collective Bargaining are currently under preparation. Noting that the mentioned draft laws gave rise to technical comments from the Office, the Committee requests the Government to inform on the adoption process of the new Labour Law and the special Law on Worker and Employer Organizations and Collective Bargaining

Collective bargaining in practice. The Committee notes the statistical data provided by the Government concerning the number of collective agreements concluded in both the public and private sectors and the number of workers covered (respectively: 102,506 workers from six concluded collective agreements and 51,388 workers from ten concluded collective agreements). The Committee notes with interest that since 2014 and the beginning of the “Promoting Social Dialogue” project, the rate of workers covered by collective agreements moved from 21.8 per cent to 24.6 per cent and that the number of collective agreements signed at the enterprise level increased by 29 per cent. The Committee invites the Government to keep promoting collective bargaining at all levels and to keep providing information on the number of collective agreements signed and the percentage of the workforce covered.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2018, published 108th ILC session (2019)

The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It is therefore bound to repeat its previous comments initially made in 2016.

Repetition

The Committee notes the Government’s reply to the comments made by the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), which concerned the operation of labour inspection and the length of judicial proceedings in cases of anti-union discrimination.

Article 4 of the Convention. Promotion of collective bargaining. The Committee welcomes the information provided by the Government concerning: (i) the launch of a project on the Promotion of Social Dialogue financed by the European Union, aiming to strengthen tripartite social dialogue, encourage collective bargaining and establish sectoral infrastructures for collective agreements, as well as operational mechanisms for the resolution of disputes; and (ii) the Government’s review of the Law on Labour Relations, in particular as to collective bargaining, with the assistance of the Office and in consultation with the social partners, to ensure full compliance with ILO Conventions. The Committee requests the Government to report on the outcome of the project and review process for the promotion of collective bargaining, including as to any measures undertaken as a result.

Collective bargaining in practice. The Committee notes the information provided by the Government as to the number of collective agreements concluded in the country. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the application in practice of the Convention, including statistical data concerning the number of collective agreements concluded in both public and private sectors and the number of workers covered.

The Committee hopes that the Government will make every effort to take the necessary action in the near future.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2016, published 106th ILC session (2017)

The Committee notes the Government’s reply to the comments made by the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), which concerned the operation of labour inspection and the length of judicial proceedings in cases of anti-union discrimination.

Article 4 of the Convention. Promotion of collective bargaining. The Committee welcomes the information provided by the Government concerning: (i) the launch of a project on the Promotion of Social Dialogue financed by the European Union, aiming to strengthen tripartite social dialogue, encourage collective bargaining and establish sectoral infrastructures for collective agreements, as well as operational mechanisms for the resolution of disputes; and (ii) the Government’s review of the Law on Labour Relations, in particular as to collective bargaining, with the assistance of the Office and in consultation with the social partners, to ensure full compliance with ILO Conventions. The Committee requests the Government to report on the outcome of the project and review process for the promotion of collective bargaining, including as to any measures undertaken as a result.

Collective bargaining in practice. The Committee notes the information provided by the Government as to the number of collective agreements concluded in the country. The Committee requests the Government to continue providing information on the application in practice of the Convention, including statistical data concerning the number of collective agreements concluded in both public and private sectors and the number of workers covered.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2012, published 102nd ILC session (2013)

Comments made by trade unions. The Committee notes the Government’s reply to the comments made by the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) concerning mostly questions already examined by the Committee.

Article 4 of the Convention. Collective bargaining. In its previous comments, the Committee requested the Government to adopt legislative provisions regulating the procedure for establishing the Negotiation Board (the members of which are appointed by trade unions) when no trade union organization represents 20 per cent of employees or no employers’ association meets the legal requirement for representativeness (sections 219 and 221 of the Labour Relations Law). The Committee notes that the Government indicates in its report that: (1) the representativeness criteria for trade unions and employers associations were defined and harmonized with social partners (the Government sent the rules of procedures for the determination of representativeness attached to its report); (2) employees have the right to form more than one trade union at the enterprise level; (3) in case there exists more than one trade union at the enterprise level, those trade unions are representative and may establish the Negotiation Board; (4) employers’ associations have the same right; and (5) trade unions regulate not only the percentage of representation in the Negotiation Board, but also the selection procedures, the negotiation methods and the persons authorized to sign the collective agreement.

Representativeness. The Committee noted that section 213(c) of the Labour Relations Law provides that the application to the Commission for establishment of representativeness to bargain collectively shall be filled by a trade union at a higher level. The Committee requested the Government to indicate if section 213(c) allows trade unions at enterprise level or industry level to apply for their representativeness to be established. The Committee notes that the Government indicates that sections 213(b) and 213(c) only applies to determine trade union representativeness at national and branch levels; these provisions do not apply to trade unions at enterprise level or industrial level as this matter is regulated by another provision. The Committee notes that, in its reply to the ITUC comments on this matter, the Government adds that the criteria for representativeness does not limit the right to collective bargaining but constitutes a precondition for the conclusion and the coverage of collective agreements. The Committee requests the Government to indicate whether, in practice, there are collective agreements at the branch level.

Conclusion of general collective agreements. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that section 205 of the Labour Relations Law provides that the general collective agreement for the private sector (industry) and for the public sector are applied directly and are mandatory for employers and employees in the respective sectors. The Committee requested the Government to clarify whether these collective agreements can only be concluded by the most representative trade union organizations at the national level. The Committee notes that, according to the ITUC, at national level the representative union must represent 10 per cent of the total labour force. The Committee also notes that the Government indicates that: (1) the general collective agreement for the private sector is concluded by the representative association of employers and the representative trade union for the private sector; and (2) the general collective agreement for the public sector is concluded by the representative trade union in the public sector and the Minister in charge of labour matters. The Committee notes this information with interest, in particular observing that the ITUC considers as a progress the collective agreements concluded in the public sector.

Part IV of the report form. Application in practice. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the application in practice of the Convention, including statistical data concerning the number of collective agreements concluded in both private and public sectors and the number of workers covered.

Finally, the Committee requests the Government to send its observations concerning the ITUC allegations according to which: (1) the judicial proceedings in case of anti-union discrimination take two to three years to be resolved; and (2) labour inspection does not function in an efficient manner.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2010, published 100th ILC session (2011)

Article 4 of the Convention. Collective bargaining. In its previous comments, the Committee had requested the Government to take the necessary steps to amend sections 212, 213 and 219 of the Labour Relations Law (2005) so as to: (i) lower the 33 per cent representation requirement imposed on trade unions and employers (or their organizations) for collective bargaining purposes at all levels; (ii) adopt legislative provisions regulating the procedure for determining the most representative organization, based on objective and pre-established criteria; and (iii) adopt legislative provisions regulating the procedure for establishing the negotiation board (the members of which are appointed by trade unions) when no trade union organization represents 33 per cent of employees or no employers’ organization meets the same requirement.

In this regard, the Committee notes that the Government indicates in its report that, within the process of harmonization of its labour legislation with that of the European Union, and in accordance with the recommendations of the ILO, it has made significant changes and amendments to the Law on Labour Relations. The Committee further notes the law changing and amending the Law on Labour Relations (Official Gazette, No. 130/2009):

(i) Representativeness of a trade union and procedure for establishing the negotiation body when no trade union organization represents 20 per cent of employees. The Committee notes that sections 211 of the Law on Labour Relations now provides that the representativeness of a trade union or an organization of employers is determined for the purposes of participation in tripartite social partnership bodies and tripartite delegations of the social partners at the national level; for the participation in the collective bargaining at the public sector level, and within the private sector, at national level, industrial level and employer level. The criteria for determining the representativeness are defined in sections 212 and 213 of the Law on Labour Relations. The Committee notes that collective bargaining is possible for the trade unions representing 20 per cent of the employees at the level it wishes to bargain, except at the state level where the trade union must represent 10 per cent of the labour force.

In addition, in its previous comments, the Committee had requested the Government to adopt legislative provisions regulating the procedure for establishing the negotiation board (the members of which are appointed by trade unions) when no trade union organization represents 20 per cent of employees or no employers’ organization meets the same requirement (section 219 and 221 of the Law on Labour Relations). The Committee notes that no information was provided in this regard by the Government. Given that the 20 per cent threshold could be difficult to obtain in certain sectors and in large enterprises and taking into consideration the principle set out in section 4 of the Convention concerning the promotion of free and voluntary collective bargaining, the Committee requests the Government to adopt legislative provisions regulating the procedure for establishing the negotiation board (the members of which are appointed by trade unions) when no trade union organization represents 20 per cent of employees or no employers’ organization meets the same requirement.

(ii) Procedure for determining the most representative organization. The Committee notes with interest that new articles laying down the procedure and the competent body establishing the representativeness have been added to the Law on Labour Relations: Body competent for Establishment of Representativeness (213-a); Composition and manner of operation of the Commission (213-b; tripartite); Application for establishment of representativeness (213-c); Procedure upon application and appeal (213-d); Re-assessment of the representativeness (213-e); and Publication of the decision (213-f). The Committee further notes that the mode of operation of the Commission is laid down by the Rules of Procedures of the Commission. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to provide a copy of the Rules of Procedures of the Commission with its next report.

As concerns the application for establishment of representativeness, the Committee notes that section 213-c provides that the application to the Commission for establishment of representativeness to bargain collectively shall be filed by a trade union at a higher level. The Committee recalls that the determination of the bargaining level is essentially a matter to be left to the discretion of the parties and, consequently, the level of negotiation should not be imposed by law. The Committee requests the Government to indicate if
section 213-c allows trade unions at enterprise level or industry level to apply for the establishment of representativeness.

The Committee also notes that section 205 of Law on Labour Relations, as amended by law changing and amending Law on Labour Relations (Official Gazette, No. 130/2009) provides that General Collective Agreement in the private sector (area of the economy) and public sector shall apply directly and are mandatory for the employers and employees of the respective sectors. The Committee requests the Government to clarify, in its next report, if the General Collective Agreement for economy and the General Collective Agreement for public sector can only be concluded by the most representative trade union organizations at the state level.

Comments made by the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia (CCM). The Committee notes the comments made by the ITUC in a communication dated 24 August 2010. These comments concern problems already examined by the Committee. The Committee also notes the comments made by the CCM in a communication dated 2 October 2008 concerning the lack of social dialogue that occurred during the process of the labour law reform. The Committee requests the Government to provide its observations thereon.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2008, published 98th ILC session (2009)

The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It must therefore repeat its previous observation which read as follows:

The Committee had requested the Government to take the necessary steps to amend sections 212, 213 and 219 of the Labour Relations Law (2005) so as to:

–      lower the 33 per cent representation requirement imposed on trade unions and employers (or their organizations) for collective bargaining purposes at all levels;

–      adopt legislative provisions regulating the procedure for determining the most representative organization, based on objective and pre-established criteria; and

–      adopt legislative provisions regulating the procedure for establishing the negotiation board (the members of which are appointed by trade unions) when no trade union organization represents 33 per cent of employees or no employers’ organization meets the same requirement.

The Government indicated that it intends to begin a “Twinning project” in October 2007 to review the existing labour legislation in order to harmonize it with the EU legislation. In the framework of this project, the issue of representativeness will be examined. The duration of the project will be 15 months; therefore, the Government expected that the necessary changes will be introduced into the legislation by the end of 2008. The Committee trusts that all its comments will be taken into account in the process of legislative revision and requests the Government to provide information in this respect.

The Committee hopes that the Government will make every effort to take the necessary action in the very near future.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2007, published 97th ILC session (2008)

The Committee notes the Government’s report. The Committee recalls that in its previous comments, it had requested the Government to take the necessary steps to amend sections 212, 213 and 219 of the Labour Relations Law (2005) so as to:

–      lower the 33 per cent representation requirement imposed on trade unions and employers (or their organizations) for collective bargaining purposes at all levels;

–      adopt legislative provisions regulating the procedure for determining the most representative organization, based on objective and pre-established criteria; and

–      adopt legislative provisions regulating the procedure for establishing the negotiation board (the members of which are appointed by trade unions) when no trade union organization represents 33 per cent of employees or no employers’ organization meets the same requirement.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that it intends to begin a “Twinnig project” in October 2007 to review the existing labour legislation in order to harmonize it with the EU legislation. In the framework of this project, the issue of representativeness will be examined. The duration of the project will be 15 months; therefore, the Government expects that the necessary changes will be introduced into the legislation by the end of next year. The Committee trusts that all its comments will be taken into account in the process of legislative revision and requests the Government to keep it informed in this respect.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2006, published 96th ILC session (2007)

The Committee notes with regret that the Government’s report has not been received.

The Committee notes the new Labour Relations Act, promulgated on 22 July 2005, abrogating the former Labour Relations Act (Official Gazette, No. 80/93). The Committee recalls the problems it had raised in its previous comments.

Article 2 of the Convention. Protection against act of interference. The Committee had noted that, in the former Labour Relations Act (article 78, paragraph 2), there was no prohibition or imposition of any penalty against interference by employers or their organizations in the functioning and administration of workers’ organizations and vice versa and, in particular, against the domination of workers’ organizations by employers or employers’ organizations, or the financial support of workers’ organizations by employers’ organizations.

The Committee notes with satisfaction that the new Labour Relations Act contains provisions on the protection against acts of interference, in particular the ban on employers’ interference (articles 195,199 and 202) with dissuasive sanctions and guarantees (articles 10 and 11). Moreover, the new legislation foresees the possibility of seeking court protection in case of acts of interference by employers against freedom of association.

Article 4. Measures to encourage and promote the development of voluntary negotiation between employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Committee had also noted that, when determining salaries (article 97 of the Former Labour Relations Act), the parties to collective negotiations were obliged to consider the defined salary policy and the basic accumulative amounts in the macroeconomic policy of the year. The Committee notes with satisfaction that the new legislation, which expressly abrogates the former Labour Relations Act, no longer contains this provision.

Article 4. Collective bargaining. The Committee had noted the conclusions of the Committee on Freedom of Association in Case No. 2133 that employers’ organizations (in particular, the Confederation of Employers) are unable to engage in collective bargaining at the national level, as they cannot be registered (and therefore recognized) due to the absence of legislation on this issue. The Committee notes with satisfaction that, in a communication dated 7 November 2006, the Confederation of Employers of the Republic of Macedonia indicates that it has obtained its registration. On the other hand, the Committee had noted in its previous comments the legislative gap that existed in the area of registration and recognition of employers’ organizations that constituted obstacles to employers’ participation in collective bargaining, contrary to Article 4 of the Convention. The Committee takes due note that the new legislation foresees registration of employers’ associations and of trade unions organizations as well (articles 190, 191 and 192 of the Labour Relations Act) though, as it is pointed out in the following paragraphs, some problems remain.

Comments made by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). The Committee notes the comments made by the ICFTU in a communication dated 30 August 2006. These comments concern problems already examined by the Committee and new problems related to the new Labour Relations Act passed on 22 July 2005 and more particularly: (1) the demand that a trade union must represent 33 per cent of employees at enterprise level, or at higher level, in order to enter into a collective agreement is excessive; (2) the lack of procedures for establishing the negotiation board among unions when none of them represent 33 per cent of the workers of a given level (including national); and (3) the lack of legal criteria for determining the most representative organizations, even at the highest level.

The Committee notes that the points mentioned by the ICFTU are identifiable in the legislation (articles 216, 217, 218 and 219 of the Labour Relations Act) and imply problems of application of the Convention. The Committee notes that the 33 per cent requirement is also highlighted by the Confederation of Employers of the Republic of Macedonia. The Committee considers that the percentage of 33 per cent of employees at all the levels is excessive and does not promote collective bargaining as required by Article 4 of the Convention. The Committee notes also that the procedure to determine the representativeness of the organizations is not developed in the new legislation. The Committee requests the Government to take the necessary steps to modify the legislation in order to remove the requirement to collective bargaining that a trade union and the employers (or the organization of employers) must represent 33 per cent of employees (for all levels), and to take measures in order to adopt provisions for a fair determination of the representativeness of the highest level based on objective and pre-established criteria and for the composition of the negotiation board when no trade union organization represents 33 per cent of employees or no employers’ organization meets the same requirement.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2005, published 95th ILC session (2006)

The Committee notes with regret that the Government’s report has not been received.

The Committee takes note of the Labour Relations Act promulgated on 22 July 2005. The Committee will examine this legislation at its next session, in the framework of the regular reporting cycle, along with all the questions raised in its previous observation and direct request [see 2004 observation, 75th Session and 2004 direct request, 75th Session].

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2004, published 93rd ILC session (2005)

The Committee notes with regret that the Government’s report has not been received. It hopes that a report will be supplied for examination by the Committee at its next session and that it will contain full information on the matters raised in its previous direct request, which read as follows:

The Committee takes note of the Labour Relations Act (Official Gazette, No. 80/1993), as amended by the Act of 31 March 2003, to amend and supplement the Labour Relations Act (Official Gazette, No. 25/2003), and requests the Government to transmit in its next report any other laws related to the application of the Convention.

Article 2 of the Convention. Protection against acts of interference from workers’ and employers’ organizations into each other’s establishment, functioning or administration. The Committee notes that article 78, paragraph 2, of the Labour Relations Act only provides on this matter that the activities of trade unions and their delegates which are in compliance with the law and the collective agreement cannot be restrained through acts of the employers. However, the Committee observes that the Act does not prohibit or impose any penalty against interference by employers or their organizations into the functioning and administration of workers’ organizations and vice versa, and in particular, against the domination of workers’ organizations by employers or employers’ organizations, or the financial support of workers’ organizations by employers’ organizations. The Committee recalls that legislation should make express provision for rapid appeal procedures, coupled with effective and dissuasive sanctions against acts of interference in order to ensure the application in practice of Article 2 of the Convention (see General Survey of 1994 on freedom of association and collective bargaining, paragraph 232). The Committee requests the Government to indicate any provisions which prohibit the abovementioned acts of interference and establish effective and dissuasive sanctions against such acts.

Article 4. Measures to encourage and promote the development of voluntary negotiation between employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Committee notes that section 97 of the Act provides that when determining salaries, the parties to collective negotiations are obliged to consider the defined salary policy and the basic accumulative amounts in the macroeconomic policy of the year; the Government may form a tripartite committee in charge of salaries which is to indicate to the parties to negotiations the salary-determining factors in accordance with the accumulative amounts in the macroeconomic policy. However, the third paragraph of section 97 establishes that the Government shall propose the passing of a law, if the participants in the collective negotiations fail to observe the defined salary policy.

The Committee considers that the public authorities may establish machinery to encourage the parties to collective bargaining to take voluntary account of government social and economic policy considerations and the protection of the public interest (see General Survey, op. cit., paragraph 252). The Committee notes however that the power to overrule a collective agreement by law if the parties fail to observe the suggestions of the Government with regard to salaries, as provided in section 97, is contrary to the free and voluntary nature of collective bargaining. The Committee recalls that where under an economic stabilization or structural adjustment policy, wage rates cannot be fixed freely by means of collective bargaining, these restrictions should apply only as an exceptional measure and should not exceed a reasonable period (see General Survey, op. cit., paragraph 260). The Committee therefore requests the Government to take all necessary measures to amend section 97 of the Labour Relations Act in accordance with the above principles.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2004, published 93rd ILC session (2005)

The Committee notes with regret that the Government’s report has not been received. It must therefore repeat its previous observation, which read as follows:

The Committee takes note of the Labour Relations Act (Official Gazette, No. 80/93) and requests the Government to transmit in its next report any other laws related to the application of the Convention. The Committee also takes note of the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee on Freedom of Association in Case No. 2133 (see 329th Report, approved by the Governing Body at its 285th Session, paragraphs 535-548) in which it noted that the Economic Chamber, which is based on compulsory membership of all enterprises, cannot be considered as an employers’ organization for collective bargaining purposes.

The Committee notes that section 88 of the Labour Relations Act provides with regard to collective bargaining at the national level that "the leading trade union organization concludes a general collective agreement pertaining to employees and employers of the economy of the Republic". However, the Committee notes from the conclusions of the Committee on Freedom of Association in Case No. 2133 that employers’ organizations (in particular, the complainant Union of Employers of Macedonia (UEM)) are unable to engage in collective bargaining at the national level, as they cannot be registered (and therefore recognized) due to the absence of legislation on this issue.

Moreover, the Committee notes that, although section 89 of the Act makes reference to branch collective agreements, it is likely that the problem described in the previous paragraph also prevails in practice with regard to negotiations at the branch level, given the abovementioned legislative gaps.

The Committee considers that the legislative gaps which exist in the area of registration and recognition of employers’ organizations constitute obstacles to employers’ participation in collective bargaining, contrary to Article 4 of the Convention, which establishes an obligation to adopt measures to encourage and promote the full development and utilization of machinery for voluntary negotiation between employers or employers’ organizations and workers’ organizations. The Committee requests the Government to take all necessary measures so as to fill the existing legislative gaps and promote the full participation of employers’ organizations, along with workers’ organizations, in voluntary negotiations with a view to the conclusion of collective agreements.

In addition, a request regarding certain points is being addressed directly to the Government.

The Committee hopes that the Government will make every effort to take the necessary action in the very near future.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2003, published 92nd ILC session (2004)

The Committee notes with regret that the Government’s first report has not been received. The Committee takes note of the Labour Relations Act (Official Gazette, No. 80/1993), as amended by the Act of 31 March 2003, to amend and supplement the Labour Relations Act (Official Gazette, No. 25/2003), and requests the Government to transmit in its next report any other laws related to the application of the Convention.

Article 2 of the Convention. Protection against acts of interference from workers’ and employers’ organizations into each other’s establishment, functioning or administration. The Committee notes that article 78, paragraph 2, of the Labour Relations Act only provides on this matter that the activities of trade unions and their delegates which are in compliance with the law and the collective agreement cannot be restrained through acts of the employers. However, the Committee observes that the Act does not prohibit or impose any penalty against interference by employers or their organizations into the functioning and administration of workers’ organizations and vice versa, and in particular, against the domination of workers’ organizations by employers or employers’ organizations, or the financial support of workers’ organizations by employers’ organizations. The Committee recalls that legislation should make express provision for rapid appeal procedures, coupled with effective and dissuasive sanctions against acts of interference in order to ensure the application in practice of Article 2 of the Convention (see General Survey of 1994 on freedom of association and collective bargaining, paragraph 232). The Committee requests the Government to indicate any provisions which prohibit the abovementioned acts of interference and establish effective and dissuasive sanctions against such acts.

Article 4. Measures to encourage and promote the development of voluntary negotiation between employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Committee notes that section 97 of the Act provides that when determining salaries, the parties to collective negotiations are obliged to consider the defined salary policy and the basic accumulative amounts in the macroeconomic policy of the year; the Government may form a tripartite committee in charge of salaries which is to indicate to the parties to negotiations the salary-determining factors in accordance with the accumulative amounts in the macroeconomic policy. However, the third paragraph of section 97 establishes that the Government shall propose the passing of a law, if the participants in the collective negotiations fail to observe the defined salary policy.

The Committee considers that the public authorities may establish machinery to encourage the parties to collective bargaining to take voluntary account of government social and economic policy considerations and the protection of the public interest (see General Survey, op. cit., paragraph 252). The Committee notes however that the power to overrule a collective agreement by law if the parties fail to observe the suggestions of the Government with regard to salaries, as provided in section 97, is contrary to the free and voluntary nature of collective bargaining. The Committee recalls that where under an economic stabilization or structural adjustment policy, wage rates cannot be fixed freely by means of collective bargaining, these restrictions should apply only as an exceptional measure and should not exceed a reasonable period (see General Survey, op. cit., paragraph 260). The Committee therefore requests the Government to take all necessary measures to amend section 97 of the Labour Relations Act in accordance with the above principles.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2003, published 92nd ILC session (2004)

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (ratification: 1991)

The Committee notes with regret that the Government’s report has not been received. The Committee takes note of the Labour Relations Act (Official Gazette, No. 80/93) and requests the Government to transmit in its next report any other laws related to the application of the Convention. The Committee also takes note of the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee on Freedom of Association in Case No. 2133 (see 329th Report, approved by the Governing Body at its 285th Session, paragraphs 535-548) in which it noted that the Economic Chamber, which is based on compulsory membership of all enterprises, cannot be considered as an employers’ organization for collective bargaining purposes.

The Committee notes that section 88 of the Labour Relations Act provides with regard to collective bargaining at the national level that "the leading trade union organization concludes a general collective agreement pertaining to employees and employers of the economy of the Republic". However, the Committee notes from the conclusions of the Committee on Freedom of Association in Case No. 2133 that employers’ organizations (in particular, the complainant Union of Employers of Macedonia (UEM)) are unable to engage in collective bargaining at the national level, as they cannot be registered (and therefore recognized) due to the absence of legislation on this issue.

Moreover, the Committee notes that, although section 89 of the Act makes reference to branch collective agreements, it is likely that the problem described in the previous paragraph also prevails in practice with regard to negotiations at the branch level, given the abovementioned legislative gaps.

The Committee considers that the legislative gaps which exist in the area of registration and recognition of employers’ organizations constitute obstacles to employers’ participation in collective bargaining, contrary to Article 4 of the Convention, which establishes an obligation to adopt measures to encourage and promote the full development and utilization of machinery for voluntary negotiation between employers or employers’ organizations and workers’ organizations. The Committee requests the Government to take all necessary measures so as to fill the existing legislative gaps and promote the full participation of employers’ organizations, along with workers’ organizations, in voluntary negotiations with a view to the conclusion of collective agreements.

In addition, a request regarding certain points is being addressed directly to the Government.