Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) - Ethiopia (Ratification: 1999)

Individual Case (CAS) - Discussion: 2019, Publication: 108th ILC session (2019)



Written information provided by the Government

Background

The Government of Ethiopia is requested to supply full particulars to the Conference at its 108th Session and to reply in full to the comments made by the Committee on the Application of Standards (CAS) with regard to the application of the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138).

Accordingly, the Government of Ethiopia took due note of the observations of the CAS with regard to the application of Convention No. 138 and wishes to reply in full on the necessary measures taken and progress made in view of the comments of the CAS on the application of the Convention in point.

1. National context

Ethiopia, with an estimated population of 100 million, is the second most populous country in Africa. It has a growing young population and children under 15 years of age account for more than a third of the total population.

The country is on a reform journey to ensure peace, democracy and good governance, and to realize broad-based, inclusive and sustained economic growth. To this effect, the Government has been fully committed and making significant progress to improve the well-being of Ethiopian people and expedite the country’s march toward middle-income status by 2025. Over the last decade and a half, the Ethiopian economy has registered a double-digit growth rate and in recent years dubbed as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. During this time, significant attention has been given to upgrading economic and social infrastructure and promoting pro-poor spending on education, health, and other services to improve the well-being of the people.

On the labour front, the Government has been working in close collaboration with the UN agencies, social partners and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to address issues that are related to child labour, forced labour and human trafficking. There have been significant policy developments and public awareness concerning child labour, forced labour and human trafficking in the country. The National Action Plan to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labour and the Young Worker’s Directive are among the legal instruments adopted since 2013.

In 2015, a comprehensive anti-trafficking law was passed by the Parliament to tighten existing anti-trafficking legislation, punish trafficking offences, and provide support to victims of trafficking, including children. The Overseas Employment Proclamation also calls for penalties for illegal recruitment, increases oversight of overseas recruitment agencies, and extends more protection to potential victims.

With the above country background, achievements and progress made in advancing the application of Convention No. 138 in Ethiopia is provided in the following section taking into account the observations of the CAS.

2. Progress made in the application of the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)

2.1. Article 2(1) of the Convention: Scope of application and application in practice

The first observation made by the Committee is that there are gaps between the scope of application of the Convention and the domestic laws, particularly the Labour Law as it does not protect all children under 14 years of age, particularly children working outside the formal employment relationship, such as children working on their own account or in the informal economy, who would have benefited from the protection laid down by the Convention.

In this regard, the Government is called upon to review the relevant provisions of the Labour Law so as to address these gaps and to take the necessary measures to strengthen the capacity and expand the reach of the labour inspectorate to the informal economy with a view to protecting the rights of workers in general and those of children in particular in this sector.

Having taken note of the observations of the Committee with regard to the gaps between the scope of application of the Convention and the application in practice, the Government wishes to provide the following information on progress made so far in connection with the comments made by the Committee:

(a) With the purview of the Labour Law, there is an initiative by the Government to extend labour advisory services in the informal sector towards filling the gaps between the scope of application of the Convention and the application in practice with the aim of protecting the rights of all workers, including young workers, and of avoiding children working outside formal employment relationships, such as those working on their own account or in the informal economy.

(b) The Government is also making all possible efforts to strengthen the labour inspectorate system in the country so as to ensure that such services are effectively accessible to all enterprises and workplaces and to ensure the full application of the Convention and the enforcement of domestic labour laws with more focus on child labour and forced labour.

(c) The Government’s initiative regarding the national child labour survey (2015) should also be considered as a positive step, as the survey results provide reliable and timely information for taking informed policy measures with regard to child labour. Therefore, the Government is of the view that the national survey on child labour is an achievement in itself.

2.2. Article 2(3). Age of completion of compulsory schooling

Considering that compulsory education is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, the Committee urges the Government to take the necessary measures to provide for compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years. The Committee also requests the Government to intensify its efforts to increase school enrolment rates and decrease drop-out rates at the primary level with a view to preventing children under 14 years of age from being engaged in work.

The improvement and expansion of primary education has been high on the development agenda of governments and bilateral and multilateral organizations. An important step in this regard has clearly been the declaration made by the UN in making primary education a “universal human right”, followed by the inclusion of a right to education in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other legally binding treaties.

Recognizing the right to education as a human right, Ethiopia is a party to many of the international conventions and treaties, and has, therefore, shown efforts in harmonizing national legislation with the provisions of the various international treaties to fulfil its obligations in the education sector. Ethiopia is committed to achieving primary Education for All (EFA) and is working tirelessly in expanding access, minimizing wastage in education (efficiency), ensuring equity and improving quality of education. The Government has given top priority to achieving universal and quality primary education for all school-age children and its determination is clearly stated in the education and training policy and in the Education Sector Development Programme strategies (ESDP).

In implementing the education and training policy and the ESDP and through the commitment to realize universalization of primary education, the following results have been achieved in Ethiopia:

(a) the number of primary schools has increased from 33,373 in 2014–15 to 36,466 in 2017–18;

(b) the net enrolment rate (NER) was raised from 94.3 per cent in 2014–15 to 100 per cent in 2017–18, implying that the NER target for primary level has been fully achieved;

(c) with regard to efficiency of primary education, gender parity index (GPI) was raised from about 0.7 in 1999–2000 to 0.9 in 2017–18 while the drop-out rate was improved from 18 per cent in 2008–09 to 9 per cent in 2013–14.

The national child labour survey report (2015) revealed that the school attendance rate of children in the age cohort 5–17 was 61.3 per cent. However, it would be worth nothing that those children out of school and drop-outs in pastoral areas do not necessarily work due to the fact that those children are moving from one place to another with their families (because of their lifestyle) and can have access to “mobile schools” that are made available for children of pastoral communities.

Furthermore, children out of school and drop-outs, particularly in rural areas (due to different factors), may stay at home with their families rather than look for a job, as there is great social and cultural value attached to children by parents.

That said, however, there are certain issues – such as accessibility, equity, efficiency, quality and financing of primary education – that have to be further examined and improved so as to ensure the goal of primary education for all is achieved and sustained in Ethiopia.

2.3. Article 3. Minimum age for admission to, and determination of, hazardous work, and application in practice

The Committee observes that a significant number of children under 18 years of age are engaged in hazardous work and urges the Government to strengthen its efforts to ensure that, in practice, children under 18 years of age are not engaged in hazardous work in either urban or rural areas. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information in this regard. The Committee further requests the Government to indicate whether a new list of types of hazardous work was adopted and to supply a copy.

The Government takes note of the observations of the Committee with regard to minimum age for admission to hazardous work and application in practice, and wishes to provide the following information on progress made in addressing the issues in point.

(a) The recently revised national Labour Law, which was submitted to the competent authority for possible adoption, raises the minimum working age limit of young persons from 14 to 15 years and excludes them from the labour market with the intention of protecting their well-being. Accordingly, the age limits of young workers as per the revised Labour Law will be in the age cohort 15–17 while it is 14–17 in the prevailing Labour Law. The revision of the Labour Law in this regard can serve to withdraw children that are already engaged in hazardous work and to prohibit new entries in such works.

(b) As raised by the Committee, a directive that prescribes the list of activities prohibited to young workers was revised in consultation with social partners and issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs in 2013 and has been applied since then.

3. Request for ILO technical support

Experience has shown that full and sustained application of the Convention in all economic activities of the country requires a vibrant and well-functioning labour inspectorate system. Furthermore, social dialogue and tripartite consultation can also be instrumental forums for the effective implementation of the Convention.

In view of this, the Government strongly requests ILO support for strengthening the national labour inspectorate system (for instance, digitalizing labour inspection services) and building the institutional capacities of the constituents for their full and effective engagement in the application of the Convention.

4. Conclusion

From the information provided above, the Government of Ethiopia is of the view that commendable progress and achievements have been made (in line with the comments and observations made by the Committee) towards advancing the application of Convention No. 138 in the country, although there are still some areas for improvement.

The Government of Ethiopia would like to seize this opportunity to express its commitment for the full application of the Convention in point and other ILO instruments to the extent possible. Technical support of the ILO and other development partners to Ethiopia in this regard are also of crucial importance for achieving social justice and decent work for all.

Finally, if the information provided in this report does not satisfy the Committee’s expectations in light of its observations on the application of the Convention in point, the Government of Ethiopia is ready to supply any additional information as required.

Discussion by the Committee

Government representative – I am taking the floor to provide information on progress made in light of the observations and comments made by the Committee on the Application of Standards with regard to the application of Convention No. 138 in Ethiopia. My Government took note of the observations of the Committee of Experts pertaining to the application of the Convention in Ethiopia based on a CSA standalone survey data in 2015 and published in December 2018. I just would like to provide necessary information on measures that are being taken and progress made in this regard after the survey was conducted. We highly value the importance of the ILO supervisory mechanism as a unique platform for assessing the application of labour standards in a manner that takes into account the universality, interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and labour rights. For a country like Ethiopia, which is undergoing a process of profound reform recently aimed at revitalizing the enjoyment of human rights, especially that of child rights, this platform will offer us a great opportunity to deliberate upon and learn from the progress we have made and the challenges that we have faced in our endeavour to protect labour rights in general and child rights in particular. It is with this spirit that I am going to deliver my intervention.

Ethiopia, with an estimated population of 100 million, is the second most populous country in Africa; and the country is experiencing a growing young population and children under 15 years of age that accounts for more than one third of the total population. The Constitution of Ethiopia, which is the supreme law of the land, incorporated the international human rights, including child rights instruments, ratified by Ethiopia into the national laws of the country. Furthermore, various national laws such as the Civil Code, the Criminal Code, the Family Code, and the Labour Law contain provisions protecting children from child labour. A comprehensive anti-trafficking law was also passed by the Parliament to tighten existing anti-trafficking legislation, punish trafficking offences, and provide support to victims of trafficking including children. Our national law on overseas employment also calls for penalties for illegal recruitment, increases oversight of overseas recruitment agencies, and extends more protection to potential victims, including children.

Ethiopia also subscribes to the international instruments which are specifically concerned with the protection of the rights of children such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), 1989; the ILO’s Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138); the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182); and the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), just to mention a few.

We also have national policies and programmes that deal with child labour, including the National Social Protection Policy, National Employment Policy, the National Occupational Safety and Health Policy, the Education and Training Policy, the National Plan of Action for Children, the National Plan of Action on Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Children and the National Action Plan on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (WFCL), among others.

Though we have comprehensive and robust laws and policies at hand, still we are facing challenges in implementing them fully as it has been expected to be. Now, Ethiopia is on a reform journey to ensure peace, democracy and good governance, and to realize an inclusive and sustained growth. To this effect, the Government has been fully committed and making significant progress to improve the well-being of the Ethiopian people and expedite the country’s march towards middle-income level by 2025. During this time, significant attention has been given to upgrading economic and social infrastructure and expanding pro-poor spending on education, health and other services to improve the well-being of the people. The Government of Ethiopia strongly believes that through strengthening the social protection system and reforming the system in place to protect children from labour exploitation is the priority agenda of the Government to create a prosperous and stable nation.

With the above brief background on the reform that is taking place in Ethiopia, let me now revert to the achievements and progress made in advancing the application of the Convention in Ethiopia in view of the observations of the Committee. Concerning the observation of the Committee of Experts with respect to the gap between the scope of application of the Convention and the domestic laws, the Government is called for to review the relevant provisions of the Labour Law so as to address these gaps and to take necessary measures to strengthen the capacity and expand the reach of the labour inspectorate to the informal economy with a view to protect the rights of labour in general and that of children under 15 years of age in particular in this sector. The Labour Law under revision has been approved by the Cabinet and expected to be ratified by the Parliament very soon. In this regard, I wish to bring to the attention of the Committee that due to socio-cultural and economic differences around the world, addressing the issues of child labour remains a challenge not only for Ethiopia but also for the rest of the world, particularly for developing countries. That said, however, the Government is taking all possible measures to address child labour issues in Ethiopia.

Firstly, concerted efforts are made to strengthen the labour inspectorate system in the country so as to ensure that such services are effectively accessible to all enterprises and workplaces towards the full application of the Convention and the enforcement of national laws with more focus on child labour, forced labour and human trafficking. Secondly, there is an ongoing initiative to extend labour advisory services in the informal sector towards filling the gap between the scope of application of the Convention and the application of domestic laws, with the aim to protect the rights of all workers including young workers, and prevent children under 15 years of age working outside a formal employment relationship such as those working on their own account or in the informal economy. Thirdly, there is a supportive legal and policy framework in the country to facilitate the transition of the informal economy to the formal economy so that labour inspection services can be accessible to this sector.

The second observation of the Committee is concerned with compulsory education. Recognizing that the right to education is a human right, Ethiopia is committed to achieve primary Education for All (EFA) and to this end the Government is working tirelessly in expanding access to education, minimizing wastage, ensuring equity and improving quality of education, which is clearly stated in the Education and Training Policy and in the Education Sector Development Programs (ESDP). The implementation of the Education and Training Policy and the Education Sector Development Programs, in conjunction with the national development plans, has witnessed the achievements of the following results in Ethiopia: (i) the number of primary schools has increased from 33,373 in 2014–15 to 36,466 in 2017–18; (ii) net enrolment rates have increased from 94.3 per cent in 2014–15 to nearly 100 per cent in 2017–18, with a gender parity index (GPI) of 0.9, which implies that more has to be done to improve girls’ participation in primary education; (iii) the primary education drop-out rate has slightly improved from 11.7 per cent in 2015–16 to 11.3 per cent in 2016–17. Again, it implies the need for improving the quality of primary education in the country.

The aforementioned progress has been achieved by the strong commitment of the Government through making significant interventions so far. Among different interventions, the School Feeding Programme has been taken as one of the flagship programmes for primary school children. The evidence demonstrates that school feeding, supplemented by specific interventions targeted particularly at girl students, has significantly improved inclusiveness, participation and achievements in education. More specifically, enhanced school enrolment and a more favourable gender parity index is achieved and dropouts and grade repetition rates are consistently reduced. Considering that poverty is one of the factors inhibiting children from attending schools, our Government, in collaboration with different development partners, established a programme known as the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) aimed at enabling the rural poor facing chronic food insecurity to resist shocks, create assets and become food self-sufficient. Similarly, we have developed an urban Productive Safety Net Programme to improve income of targeted poor households and establish rural–urban safety net mechanisms that helped to put a social protection system in place, which has a positive impact on the livelihoods of households and increased utilization of education. Moreover, to address the gap in access to and quality of education, recently the Ethiopian Education Development Roadmap for the period 2018–2030 was developed and under discussion with the aim to enhance the country’s education system. On the other hand, as mobility is an inherent lifestyle and means to survive of the pastoralist and semi-pastoralist communities in Ethiopia, mobile schools among other Alternative Basic Education (ABE) modalities have become an alternative way of providing education for out-of-school and hard-to-reach children in such communities. That said, however, there are issues such as accessibility, equity, efficiency, quality and financing of primary education that should be further looked at and improved so that the goal of primary education for all is achieved and sustained in Ethiopia.

The third and final observation of the Committee is related to the minimum age for admission to, and determination of, hazardous work and application in practice. In this regard, I wish to provide the following information on progress made in addressing the issue in point: (i) the recently revised national Labour Law, which is submitted to the concerned authority for possible adoption, raises the minimum working age limit of young persons from 14 to 15 years and excludes them from the labour market with the intention to protect their well-being. Accordingly, the age limits of young workers as per the revised Labour Law will be in the age cohort 15–17. The revisions of the Labour Law in this regard serves to withdraw children that are already engaged in hazardous work and to prohibit new entries in such works; and (ii) as requested by the Committee, a directive that prescribes the list of activities prohibited to young workers was revised in consultation with the social partners and issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs in 2013, and it has been applied since then. The copy of the list is ready for submission to the Committee.

We learnt that full and sustained application of the Convention in all economic activities of the country calls for a vibrant and well-functioning labour inspectorate system, and effective tripartite social dialogue. To this effect, we look forward to the ILO’s technical support in the full application of the Convention. There is also a need for ILO support in our endeavour to transform the informal economy to the formal economy. Based on the information that I have tried to provide above, my Government is of the view that significant progress has been made, in line with the comments and observations of the Committee towards advancing the application of the Convention in Ethiopia, although there are still areas for improvement.

Finally, I would like to seize this opportunity to affirm the commitment of my Government for the full application of the Convention in point and other ILO instruments to the extent possible. We believe that the ILO’s technical support and other development partners’ assistance in this regard are of great importance for advancing social justice and promoting decent work for all. As Ethiopia is a founding member of ILO, we are ambitious to end child labour and to ensure no one is left behind to make the future of work human-centred that ensures rights of all humankind.

Worker members – Combating the economic exploitation of children is at the heart of the ILO’s mandate. This has been a central concern of the ILO ever since it was founded. In 1919, a first standard regulating the minimum age for admission to employment in the industrial sector was already adopted, and over the years the number of international standards relating to the minimum age has increased in many sectors.

Convention No. 138, with its inter-sectoral scope, was adopted in 1973. This instrument invites member States to adopt a national policy aimed at ensuring the effective abolition of child labour. Fixing a minimum age for admission to employment ensures that children are in a position to attend school, regulates the forms of economic activity which they are allowed to perform, and protects their health and safety. This Convention embodies the deep-seated conviction of ILO constituents that childhood must be a period of life devoted to physical and mental development, not a period spent working.

Like almost all member States of our Organization, Ethiopia has also ratified Convention No. 138. The application of this Convention by Ethiopia forms the subject of the Committee of Experts’ observations since 2009 and direct requests since 2003. This year too, the Committee of Experts made observations relating to Ethiopia’s application of Convention No. 138. The Committee of Experts also considered that the case of Ethiopia should be a “double-footnoted” case, underlining the seriousness and persistence of the problem.

The informal economy represents a large proportion of Ethiopia’s economy, and it is within the informal economy that child labour occurs. The figures revealed by the 2015 survey, published in 2018, are extremely challenging. According to this survey, over 13 million children between 5 and 13 years of age were working. This means that a significant proportion of children working in the world are Ethiopian children. The vast majority of these children were, and probably still are, occupied in sectors of activity such as agriculture, forestry and fishing, all of which are particularly dangerous sectors.

The Convention applies to all persons performing an economic activity, whether or not this is within an employment relationship and whether or not it is paid. Hence workers in the informal economy and those working on their own account are both concerned. In contravention of this fundamental principle of the Convention, section 89-2 of the Labour Law of 1993 (Proclamation 42), which prohibits the employment of persons under 14 years of age, does not cover work performed outside an employment relationship. This is a gap which must be filled as quickly as possible.

The Government of Ethiopia indicates that the Ethiopian Constitution guarantees the right of all children, without discrimination, to be protected against all forms of exploitation, irrespective of whether they are employees, working on their own account or occupied in the informal economy. The provisions of a Constitution are often couched in general terms, and it would be useful to state explicitly and precisely how the provisions of the Labour Law apply to child labour in the informal economy. The Government also indicates that tools are at the disposal of the inspection services to combat the economic exploitation of children. It would be interesting to have statistics relating to the findings of the inspection services in Ethiopia with regard to child labour.

Although we do not doubt the sincerity of the Ethiopian Government’s commitments at the international level arising from the ratification of Convention No. 138, the results of the 2015 survey nevertheless demonstrate that child labour still exists on a massive scale in Ethiopia. The Government’s initiatives to equip the inspection services are welcome but unfortunately remain completely inadequate. As it has been invited to do by the Committee of Experts, the Ethiopian Government needs to strengthen its body of legislation for combating child labour by reviewing the Labour Law in order to fill the gaps in it and also needs to strengthen the capacity of the labour inspectorate, particularly to boost its action in the informal economy.

There is a very close link between education and the issue of the minimum age for admission to employment. Depriving children of the possibility of education and training seriously damages their prospects of social progress and increases the risk of them being drawn into the world of work far too early. Compulsory schooling is the most effective means of combating child labour. It is therefore crucial that compulsory schooling is introduced at least until the minimum age for admission to employment, namely 14 years. However, it appears that primary education is not compulsory in Ethiopia, and so the school enrolment rate is very low. According to UNICEF figures, although slightly over six out of ten children are in primary education, this proportion drops to slightly over one in ten children for secondary education. This is a source of extreme concern. However, the Government indicates that it is drafting a bill aimed at making primary education compulsory. We hope that this bill will materialize very soon and will be effectively implemented in order to reverse the trends observed until now.

The Convention also provides that the minimum age for admission to hazardous work shall be 18 years. However, it appears from the findings of the 2015 survey that nearly one in five children between 5 and 17 years of age is employed in hazardous work. This proportion is particularly high in rural areas. Apart from the dangerous nature of the work itself, these children are exposed to dangers arising from their conditions of work, such as very long working hours, work at night, work in an insalubrious environment or work using dangerous equipment.

It is very clear that there is a great number of risks to which very young, growing children are exposed. The physical and psychological consequences of an accident occurring at a young age can be devastating and irreversible. For this reason it is essential that young children should be kept away from performing hazardous work.

Ethiopia’s body of legislation includes a decree containing a detailed list of hazardous types of work which young workers are not allowed to perform. A general ban on all other types of work likely to jeopardize the health or morals of young workers is also laid down in this decree. The Government also indicates that it is revising the list of hazardous types of work. We hope that this revision has been taking place in close consultation with the representative organizations of workers and employers, as provided for in Article 3(2) of the Convention. Apart from the revision of this list, we hope that measures will also be implemented to ensure that no child under 18 years of age is employed in hazardous work in practice.

Employer members – The Employers’ group would like to thank the Government for the written submissions that were made, as well as for the information submitted here today, and would also like to thank the Workers for their submissions here today.

As the Worker members said, this is a case involving Convention No. 138, which Ethiopia ratified back in 1999. And today marks the first time that the CAS is examining Ethiopia’s application of this very important fundamental instrument in law and in practice. We note though that the Committee of Experts has made four observations in the past on Ethiopia’s application of this Convention in 2009, 2010 and 2011, as well as in 2014. Ethiopia has been a member of the ILO since 1923 and it has ratified, in total, 23 instruments to date, including all of the eight fundamental Conventions. And being the second most populous nation in Africa, with around 110 million people, according to the latest United Nations estimates, Ethiopia does face many significant development challenges.

We note that Ethiopia received support from the ILO Decent Work Country Programme between 2014 and 15 to improve implementation of international labour standards and social dialogue, to promote decent employment as a means towards poverty eradication, and to improve social protection for sustainable development. Furthermore, we note that Ethiopia has adopted the National Action Plan to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labour and the Young Workers Directive since 2013.

The Committee of Experts have observed three issues in respect of Ethiopia’s application of the Convention, and we will discuss them individually in turn. The first one relates to the scope of application and the application in practice of the Convention and here we are looking at Article 2(1) in particular. The Experts have observed that there is a gap between the scope of application of the Convention and the domestic laws in Ethiopia, with a high number of children under the minimum age working in the informal economy and mostly as unpaid family workers. Article 2(1) states that each member which ratifies the Convention shall specify, in a declaration appended to its ratification, a minimum age for admission to employment or work within its territory, and subject to Articles 4 to 8 of this Convention no one under that age shall be admitted to employment or work in any occupation.

The Experts indicated some alarming figures from the 2015 ILO Child Labour Survey. More than 13 million children between the ages of 5 and 13 are working in sectors such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, as well as the wholesale and retail trade. The majority of these children, about 95.5 per cent, performing economic activities were working as unpaid family workers.

The Government noted in its report that the Constitution offers children the right to be protected from any form of exploitative labour and that a labour inspection manual has been prepared for inspectors to detect and protect children from child labour in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy.

We welcome the Government’s use of the D document, and the information it provided on progress made so far in its written submission. We note that the Government highlighted three actions that it is undertaking to close the gap between the scope of application and application in practice, and this being: extending the labour advisory services in the informal sector; strengthening the labour inspectorate system in the country to make it accessible to all enterprises and workplaces; and taking initiative to the national child labour survey of 2015.

The Employers commend the Government for taking these measures which we believe are positive and a step in the right direction towards closing the gap. The Minimum Age Convention is one of the most important instruments to combat child labour, along with the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182). It is important that it is applied to children working in all sectors of economic activity, not just the formal ones, and specifically it should address those informal sectors and family businesses where child labour is most common and often tolerated.

We fully support the Committee’s recommendations for the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that all children under 14 years of age benefit from the protection in the Convention. We also trust that the actions taken by the Government will yield concrete results and we encourage the Government to report any updates at the next Committee of Experts meeting scheduled for November 2019.

The second issue, as observed by the Committee of Experts, is the age of completion of compulsory school. Here the observation is that Ethiopia rather lacks free and compulsory education for children. There is also low attendance and enrolment rate as well as a very high percentage of school dropouts. We recall that Article 2(3) states that the minimum age specified in pursuance of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be less than the age of completion of compulsory schooling, and in any case shall not be less than 15 years.

The Committee of Experts indicates from the UNICEF statistics that only around 65 per cent of children attend primary schools and only 15 per cent of them continue to secondary school. A staggering more than 2.8 million children have dropped out of school. Statistics also show that there are more working children dropping out of school than those who do not work and this correlation is a clear indication of the impact child labour has on children’s access to education. The Experts urge the Government to take the necessary measures to provide compulsory education, to increase school enrolment and decrease the number of dropouts among children under 14 years of age.

We welcome the information provided by the Government on this issue. The Government has indicated that it has started the process of drafting legislation, which aims at making primary education compulsory. In addition, we note that the Government has noted that some positive results have already been achieved in terms of the universalization of primary education, including an increase in the number of primary schools from 33,373 to 36,466; full achievement of the net enrolment rate for primary school levels; an increase in gender parity index from 0.7 to 0.9; and a decrease in the drop-out rate from 18 per cent to 9 per cent.

Furthermore, we are pleased that the Government has provided access to mobile schools for children of pastoral and semi-pastoral communities. In our view, this is particularly important as access to education is essential not only for the development of children’s individual well-being but also for the well-being of the country.

More concretely, education and training can improve the skills of the young generation who can later contribute to the overall economic development of the country when they legally enter the workforce. So, we agree with the Committee of Experts’ view that compulsory education is one of the most effective means of combating child labour. To this end, it is essential that all children, regardless of gender, class or age, should have access to free and compulsory primary and secondary education.

Finally, we welcome the Government’s willingness to explore further ways of improving the accessibility, equity, efficiency, quality and financing of primary education in pursuit of the ultimate goal of achieving primary education for all in Ethiopia. We encourage the Government to consult with the most representative workers’ and employers’ organizations in Ethiopia in this process.

The final issue observed by the Experts is the minimum age for admission to and determination of hazardous work, in legislation and practice. This issue concerns a significant number of children under 18 years of age who are engaged in hazardous work in Ethiopia. Article 3 of the Convention requires that the minimum age for admission to any type of employment or work, which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to jeopardize the health, safety or morals of young persons, shall not be less than 18 years. Based on the Child Labour Survey, the Experts report that 23 per cent of children are engaged in hazardous work on an average of 42 hours per week. They also report that the youngest group of children in the age range of 5–11 years is engaged in relatively longer hours than other age groups. In their observations, the Committee of Experts urges the Government to strengthen its efforts to prohibit children under the age of 18 years from engaging in any forms of hazardous work. The Government has previously indicated that the Decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 2017 would revise the list of hazardous work and general prohibition of dangerous work for children. We welcome the information provided in this regard by the Government indicating that some progress has been made on this issue. In particular, a revision of the national Labour Law to raise the age limit of young workers from 14–17 to 15–17 years old, as well as a directive that prescribes the list of activities prohibited to young workers, which was revised in consultation with the social partners in Ethiopia. We recommend in this regard the Government to provide copies of these instruments and to report updates on the progress made to the Committee of Experts at its next meeting.

The Employers strongly condemn the engagement of children in any form of child labour, especially where such activity also constitutes hazardous work. Being one of the most vulnerable groups in society, children need adequate protection and care from any type of work that poses serious physical and mental risks. The development of children, especially in terms of their education, is a worthy investment that any country would be remiss not to make. For governments to continuously work to eliminate child labour including hazardous work, while improving access to education for children is a moral imperative and a building block for future stable, economically productive societies. We urge Ethiopia to continue on the path of reform, by demonstrating full commitment to the Convention in its national laws and practice.

Worker member, Ethiopia – I will provide my comments on the observations of the Committee of Experts on the Ethiopia case on behalf of the Confederation of Ethiopian and Trade Unions (CETU). First of all, I would like to appreciate the observations of the Committee of Experts on the application of the Convention in Ethiopia. The situation of under-aged children working is a challenge in Ethiopia. However, we are optimistic that things will improve very soon. Our optimism is based largely on the new political dawn that Ethiopia is witnessing. The current Government is also conscious of the incidence of child labour and has demonstrated and continues to demonstrate real intentions to overcome it.

Regarding the observations of the Committee of Experts on the gap between the scope of application of the Convention and the domestic laws, the Labour Law does not protect all children working outside the formal employment relationship, such as working on their own account or in the informal economy. As a matter of fact, the existing Labour Law does not apply to the informal sector.

With regard to compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years, the Ethiopian Education and Development Roadmap for the period 2018–30 is drafted and under discussion. It contains provisions to provide compulsory education up to grade eight. Furthermore, the recently revised Labour Law, which is submitted to the Parliament for approval, raises the minimum working age limit of young persons from 14 to 15 years. We want to inform this Committee that we participated actively in the amendment process as a member of Ethiopian social partners. Additionally, to exclude and withdraw children that are already employed and engaged in hazardous work, a directive which prescribes the list of activities to prohibit young workers was published in 2013 and circulated for the stakeholders to which we participated as representative of workers.

We have observed that, based on the severity and profoundness of the incidence of child labour, the Government will need to be assisted and supported to mount and implement a sustained effort to defeat the problem of child labour. We, therefore, urge this Committee to agree on ways and the measures that the Ethiopian Government will be encouraged to continue in her quest to defeat child labour and better protect the rights of children.

In conclusion, the CETU wishes to reiterate its call on this Committee to continue to provide measures and the means compatible with benchmarks and evaluation mechanisms to the Government of Ethiopia necessary for the effective implementation of the provisions of this Convention. We are confident that this new Government will chart a path to the successful defeat of child labour in our country.

Another Worker member, Ethiopia – I am taking this chance on behalf of the Ethiopian Teachers Association, member of Education International which is a global teacher union federation of over 30 million members. I have read the observations and comments of the Committee of Experts which is very much useful in supporting Ethiopian children to remain in and/or attend school. It is, therefore, a huge cause for concern for us as teachers and parents when children who ought to be in schools are in farms and construction sites. This is because my organization, whose members are daily busy in nurturing children in schools, advocates for free and compulsory primary education.

Nevertheless, I wish to recognize the attempt that the Government of Ethiopia is making to provide education by allocating about 25 per cent of the annual government budget from its scarce financial resource due to its commitment to providing education to its citizen.

With a huge reform in the education sector that is under way by the current Government leadership, education and training policy of the country which existed for more than 25 years without amendment is under revision. This is supplemented by a strategy termed Ethiopian Education and Training Roadmap 2018–30. Let me, therefore, point out that we as the Ethiopian Teachers Association are excited that part of the reform agenda will have compulsory and free primary education for children up to 15 years of age. No doubt this measure will help children stay in schools and prevent them from being engaged in work.

While the plan to have free and compulsory primary education is a positive measure to move forward to support children, we will work with our Government as critical stakeholders to ensure that the high drop-out rates, gender parity challenge and that of quality education are addressed positively in the interest of the children.

Further, the Committee must impress on the Government the need to consciously and genuinely mobilize all stakeholders in the education sector so as to aggregate their contributions in providing quality education for the children. To be able to effectively aggregate the contributions of teachers, it is important that they are allowed and accorded the full and unbridged right to organize and freely associate. An organized and representative teachers’ voice will add value to education management and development in Ethiopia.

Employer member, Ethiopia – I would like to brief you on the background of our Federation first, and then go to air our statement. Convention No. 138 was of course ratified by the Ethiopian Government in 1999 and we have also seen and gone through the observation that the Committee of Experts have done. What we have mentioned earlier and what we are airing now is that the Experts have not seen what we have done the last two years. Recently we have achieved lots of programmes, awareness-creation trainings, and so on and so forth, to fulfil the situation on the ground. Of course all three issues have been discussed a lot in our Confederation. By the way, I am here as the President of the Ethiopian Employers’ Federation, which was following the matter for the last four years, and now we have transformed our Federation into a Confederation, naming it the Ethiopian Industry Employers’ Confederation.

The Confederation started seeing the observations and then tried to solve them from the grass-root level. The Ethiopian economy has been enjoying a double-digit growth for about ten years and now it is trying to maintain this, but the economy is a little bit shrinking for the last year and half or maybe two years. Because of that, a bigger appetite for employers was created, both at the formal and the informal market. The informal market of Ethiopia was to lead as a single mum-/parent-run business, with the family, and the other challenge in a low-resource economy where destabilization is still in its infancy, vital statistics are still mostly paperwork and distinguishing between 13-year-olds and maybe 17 year-old children will be very difficult. That has been observed even in our sportsmen and women. Knowing this, the Confederation has tried to do a lot from its side. Of course, the Government has also cooperated on this with us. With the new Government in power, a reform is being taken and lots of positive changes are coming into the mission, especially on the economy side. Having said this, I would like to go and air the statement as the Ethiopian Industry Employers’ Confederation.

The Ethiopian Industry Employers’ Confederation has conducted a child labour study in four regional states in large farm areas via its founding federation, the Ethiopian Employers’ Federation. Based on the recommendation of the study, it has conducted a number of awareness-creation programmes so that the employers will not hire children. The outcome of these programmes was a decline in the number of children working in large plantations. The Government of Ethiopia is also working to reduce the prevalence of child labour in the country and it has issued another law, which was discussed earlier by our social partners, which penalize employers who engage children in their firms. Recently, it has raised the minimum working age of youth from 14 to 15 years of age.

In addition to this, the Government has also expanded the primary school coverage in the country and thereby increased enrolment rates of primary education at a larger and significant amount. Poverty in Ethiopia is still prevalent. The Government is trying its best to boost the economy of the country by issuing a number of policies and programmes, which should be assisted by developed countries and developmental partners, like the ILO.

Thus, as I mentioned earlier, while the Experts pointed out three issues, we highly recommend that they come back and also see what we have been achieving the last couple of years as the Employers’ Confederation.

Government member, Romania – I am speaking on behalf of the European Union and its Member States. The candidate countries: the Republic of North Macedonia, Montenegro and Albania as well as the EFTA country Norway, member of the European Economic Area and the Republic of Moldova and Georgia align themselves with this statement.

The EU and its Member States are committed to the promotion, protection and respect of human rights, as safeguarded by the fundamental ILO Conventions and other human rights instruments. We welcome the new universal ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), and continue to strive for universal ratification and implementation, including through dialogue with third countries.

A child is first and foremost a child and every single child has the right to grow up in a safe environment, with the right to education, with the right to a childhood free from abuse or any kind of exploitation. It is our collective responsibility to ensure those rights are respected. Provisions against child labour are part of the International Labour Organization’s core labour standards and ILO Members have an obligation to respect, promote and realize the principles concerning such fundamental rights.

The elimination and prevention of child labour is an important priority for the European Union and its Member States reflected in its core acquis. Commitment to protect the rights of the child is embedded in the Treaty of the European Union and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. The EU’s overreaching strategy to strengthen efforts to ensure every child, in particular, the most marginalized, is reached by EU policies and actions is set out in the EU Guidelines for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of the Child, and implemented through many policies and projects undertaken in the region and worldwide.

We note with deep regret that child labour remains a prevalent problem in Ethiopia. The scale of the challenge is overwhelming. In the country, children aged 5 to 17 are more than a third of the total population and half of them are engaged in economic activities. Among them, 23 per cent are exposed to hazardous work. The number of children aged 5–13 years engaged in child labour was estimated at about 13 million with a higher representation of the youngest children. However, it should be noted that child labour in Ethiopia is one of the symptoms of pervasive poverty and its related problems, as shown by the fact that the majority of children performing activities were actually working as unpaid family workers, 95.6 per cent in the rural, informal economy.

The European Union and its Member States and Ethiopia have been engaged in development dialogue and cooperation for more than 40 years. We recognize the progress made towards eliminating child labour. Ethiopia has made important improvements to its policy and legislation on eliminating child labour by endorsing the National Children’s Policy in April 2018; developing Education Operational Response Plans for Oromia, Somali, and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region for the 2017–18 school year; and has issued a Young Worker’s Directive and has done so in partnership with UN agencies as well as NGOs to address the issue and related ones.

However, while the Labour Law Proclamation of 1993 prohibits the employment of persons under 14 years of age, its provisions do not cover work performed outside an employment relationship, such as children working on their own account or in the informal economy. Despite the fact that the Government of Ethiopia trained 110 labour inspectors on child labour issues in 2017, labour inspectorate is underfunded and still lacks very necessary means to ensure proper application.

Through development cooperation programmes such as the “Jobs Compact” to increase decent job opportunities in the country, we engage in policy dialogue with Ethiopia in order to strengthen labour law implementation, promote social dialogue and collective bargaining arrangements, conduct and disclose decent work country profile reports for Ethiopia.

The EU and its Member States support the Committee’s recommendations and urge the Government to take the necessary measures for all children under the minimum age of 14 to be fully protected by the Convention. To this end, the scope of law should be increased as to include work performed outside an employment relationship, in particular children working on their own account or in the informal sector. The capacity of the labour inspection should also be increased to tackle these issues, especially in the informal economy.

The comprehensive education of children also remains a challenge even if Ethiopia has already committed to achieve primary Education for All. According to UNICEF’s Demographic and Health Survey 2016, the primary school net attendance ratio for the population aged 7–14 is 71 per cent (72 per cent for girls and 71 per cent for boys). Rates are low even if considering that data do not fully capture access granted through “mobile schools” that are made available for children of pastoral communities. Importantly, the secondary school net attendance ratio drops drastically to only 18 per cent. Recognizing that compulsory education is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, we urge the Government to spare no effort to provide for compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years. We also encourage the Government to intensify its efforts to increase school enrolment rates and decrease drop-out rates in order to prevent child labour.

Additionally, we appeal to the Government to develop more comprehensive legislation on hazardous work to prohibit, in law and in practice, work in hazardous conditions for children under 18. As detailed in the report the rate of hazardous work among children aged 5–17 years is 23.3 per cent (28 per cent for boys versus 18.2 per cent of girls), which remains high. Moreover, rates are much higher in the rural areas. We urge the Government to address existing gaps in legislation in order to ensure compliance, both in law and practice.

Closely linked to the Convention, we are also deeply concerned that despite the continuous efforts, the worst forms of child labour also persist, in particular trafficking in children abroad and within the country for the purpose of domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation and exploitation in other worst forms. The Committee previously noted that there were approximately 6,500–7,500 child domestic workers in Addis Ababa, who were subject to extreme exploitation, working long hours for minimal pay or modest food and shelter, and that they are vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse. Although the EU and its Member States acknowledge the Government’s increased enforcement efforts, we ask the Government to devote more work to the fight against domestic human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation as a result of child trafficking and to ensure that effective and dissuasive penalties are imposed to those engaged in child trafficking.

The EU and its Member States will continue to cooperate with Ethiopia and stand ready to support the country in their continuous work towards achieving the sustainable elimination of all forms of child labour.

Government member, Mauritania – The delegation of Mauritania followed with interest the statement delivered by Her Excellency the Minister of Labour of the Republic of Ethiopia regarding the measures taken by her Government to give effect to the provisions of the Convention. This presentation apprised our honourable delegations of the important gains made by this country in the areas of social justice, the protection of children from anything likely to harm their physical, moral or psychological state and, generally speaking, all development sectors, especially those dedicated to promoting human rights.

Indeed, the statement demonstrates that the Government of Ethiopia has made herculean efforts to make the country’s labour inspection system more effective and efficient so that it covers the various types of enterprise, particularly those that are considered informal and therefore difficult to reach by the regular supervision of inspectors. These efforts should lead, in time, to the full implementation of the instruments ratified by the country, with special emphasis, because this is about the Convention, on reducing as far as possible all forms of child labour, as the Government remains convinced that a country that allows this scourge to persist, even on a small scale, condemns itself to forever lag behind the rest of humanity. Moreover, in order to boost these measures, the Government is working to ensure the transition from the informal to the formal economy, where the use of child labour is exceptional, if not non-existent.

In the wake of the implementation of the above-mentioned measures, Ethiopia is striving to expand access to education, ensure equity and improve the quality of the education offered, while making the provision of universal primary education to all children of school age an absolute priority, as indicated in the education sector development strategy. We can certainly all agree that this will help to strengthen the protection of children from child labour.

For all these reasons, the delegation of Mauritania believes that the Government of Ethiopia deserves to be encouraged and, if necessary, supported, to put into practice the ambitious policies it has adopted.

Worker member, Togo – I am speaking on behalf of the members of the Organization of Trade Unions of West Africa (OTUWA). When children and young persons carry out hazardous work, the possibilities of their health and physical and moral well-being being impaired and endangered are immediate, direct and pronounced. It is also worrying to note that the consequences may sometimes be lasting and irreversible. According to the Committee’s report based on the survey of child labour, the proportion of children between 5 and 17 years of age employed in hazardous work is 23.3 per cent (28 per cent for boys compared with 18.2 per cent for girls). It is 9.2 per cent in urban areas compared with 26.4 per cent in rural areas. These figures are highly significant. Nevertheless, the report also contains some glimmers of hope, as shown by some of the specific measures taken by the Ethiopian Government to combat hazardous work for children. These include the provision of a detailed list of hazardous types of work and the general prohibition on any other kind of work likely to jeopardize the physical and psychological well-being of children, and also the reference to a subsequent revision of the list in the hope of further reducing hazardous work for children. These measures are laudable but certainly need to be improved by constant practice in order to ensure that children under 18 years of age involved in hazardous work in insalubrious environments are protected against such working arrangements.

The need to review and improve the labour inspection system, in particular in agriculture and in rural areas, should be given urgent consideration and set in motion. We consider that the Ethiopian Government should make greater efforts to ensure real progress in practice through the combination of an effective labour inspection system and ongoing public awareness-raising. A more sincere expression of the desire to tackle this menace will be visible if Ethiopia ratifies the Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81).

Moreover, the trafficking of children is a source of serious concern. In Ethiopia, the Committee noted measures taken by the Ethiopian Government to deal with this scourge. These measures are commendable, in particular the adoption of the 2015 law against trafficking in persons, which, inter alia, establishes the penalty of 25 years’ imprisonment for human trafficking, including the trafficking of children. Consequently, we wish to urge the Ethiopian Government to guarantee the effectiveness of these measures by ensuring that the security forces tasked with action against trafficking, on the one hand, and officers of the judiciary, on the other hand, are adequately trained and provided with the necessary resources to be able to identify, investigate and prosecute perpetrators and to apply effectively the penalty of 25 years’ imprisonment for persons trafficking children abroad and within the country for the purposes of domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation and exploitation in the worst forms of child labour.

The rehabilitation and reintegration of the victims of trafficking in persons must be a priority. The Ethiopian Government must be urged to establish and provide funding for care centres for victims so that they can receive medical and psychological assistance geared to their age.

Government member, Switzerland – Switzerland agrees with the points raised by the European Union and would like to add a few of its own. The elimination of child labour, in which Convention No. 138 plays a role, is one of the most important objectives of the ILO. Switzerland attaches great importance to this fundamental Convention, and also to the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Despite the efforts made to fight child labour in the world, particularly through legislation, many children often still work in difficult conditions, especially in the informal economy.

While recognizing the great efforts made by the Ethiopian Government to eliminate child labour and to make primary education compulsory, the number of children between 5 and 13 years of age who are working remains high. The low school enrolment rate is also a major source of concern.

Switzerland commends the progress made in Ethiopia in recent months, in particular at the political level. With this in mind, it encourages the Ethiopian Government to continue its efforts and to take all necessary steps as soon as possible to fix the minimum age for admission to employment in accordance with Convention No. 138.

It is also crucial to ensure that children who work outside an employment relationship enjoy the protection established by the Convention. At the same time, the capacities of the labour inspectorate must be reinforced in this respect.

Lastly, Switzerland encourages the Government to fix the age of compulsory education in a clear manner in accordance with the terms of the Convention and to step up its efforts to eliminate all forms of child labour.

Government member, Senegal – On behalf of Senegal, I would like to thank the Ethiopian delegation for the information it has kindly provided to the Committee. The Government of Ethiopia has informed us of its concerted efforts to strengthen its labour inspection system in order to make it accessible to all enterprises and places of work to ensure full implementation of the Convention and national labour legislation. Particular emphasis has been placed on combating child labour and forced labour. We hope that these measures will soon be fully operational with a view to ensuring the protection provided for under the Convention.

In addition, Senegal notes that the Ethiopian Government has informed the Committee of the planned measures to improve access to and the quality of education. We strongly encourage the Government to continue these efforts and urge it to develop the programmes planned in this regard.

Furthermore, we welcome the measures taken by the Ethiopian Government regarding the revision, with its social partners, of the list of types of work to which workers, and particularly children, should not be exposed.

In view of all the efforts made by the Ethiopian Government, Senegal appreciates the commitment demonstrated by the country and invites the Committee to take these initiatives into account in its conclusions. Senegal also requests the Office to support Ethiopia to implement programmes and projects that give full effect to the principles set out in the Convention.

Government member, Morocco – First of all, I would like to thank the Government of Ethiopia for the information it has provided, which demonstrates the effort made by the country to respond to the various comments and observations made in this regard by the Committee of Experts.

Indeed, the comments of the Committee of Experts address a number of subjects directly related to the implementation of the Convention, particularly with regard to: the number of children working in the informal sector; the obligation to provide free education; and the prohibition of hazardous work for minors.

The Minister of Labour of Ethiopia indicated in her intervention that significant measures have been taken by the Government with regard to legislation, the strengthening of labour inspection, and education and training. These various measures demonstrate the desire of the Government of Ethiopia to bring its national law and practice into line with the provisions and principles of the Convention. To this end, we support the efforts made by the Government of Ethiopia and encourage it to continue in that regard.

Observer, Education International (EI) – Education workers welcome the Government’s information about the current legislative process of extending the age of compulsory schooling which will become the minimum age for employment. Teachers also welcome the Minister’s commitment that the Government intensifies efforts to invest in new school infrastructure and in training opportunities, to increase school enrolment rates, and to decrease dropouts, particularly focusing on girls.

As representatives of teachers worldwide we know that making schools more attractive and learning more relevant are key in eradicating child labour. Increased public funding to make more educational institutions available, completely free of charge, to children and youth, particularly those from disadvantaged and marginalized communities, is a priority.

Providing professional development programmes to headmasters and teachers is also important to raise awareness on child labour in education settings and among communities and parents. Schools are at the heart of communities and having the whole education stakeholders commit to make schools welcoming and relevant to working and out-of-school children makes a real difference. But teachers must be trained to interact with children and students who have been exploited, or those who have never come to school. The practice of corporal punishment for example needs to be addressed. Education and training are also central components of rehabilitation programmes.

Education unions have developed expertise in supporting education authorities, at local and national level, to develop plans of action to eradicate child labour. Education unions also develop programmes on health education to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and other transmittable diseases.

But as stated by the representative of the Ethiopian Teachers Association, unions are willing to share their expertise and partner, through social dialogue, with the Government and with employers to help and support children and youth whose education is hampered by child labour practices.

However, in Ethiopia today, teachers do not yet enjoy the right to form a union. The Ethiopian Teachers Association affiliated to Education International is a professional association and not yet a union. The Labour Act should therefore be reviewed to allow teachers, as public servants, to form unions and enter into collective bargaining to address issues such as child labour.

We trust that with the technical assistance requested by the Minister, the new Government will implement robust and time-bound programmes to meet the recommendations of the Committee of Experts.

Education International supports the initiatives taken by the current Government to defend and promote the human rights of children, including the right to quality, inclusive public education for all. Education International will also continue to advocate for freedom of association and collective bargaining rights being extended to Ethiopian teachers.

Worker member, France – In this predominantly agricultural country, most rural families cannot afford to send their children to school because parents believe that if children are in school they can neither contribute to household chores nor work. Despite this alarming finding, which was confirmed by the experts’ report, Ethiopia has nevertheless made tangible progress in the education sector; the system has grown from 10 million learners a decade ago to more than 25 million today. To further strengthen this upward trend, Ethiopia has developed a sectoral programme covering the period 2015–16 to 2019–20, the Education Sector Development Programme, which is guided by the vision of maintaining momentum, improving equal access and broadening quality general education.

Nevertheless, despite evidence that the current Government is promoting educational emancipation as a guarantee of all-round development, it remains clear that there is a gap between the determination that seems to motivate the Government and implementation on the ground. We note with concern that, beyond the issue of education in general and despite the National Action Plan for Gender Equality, which was implemented by the Government from 2005 to 2010, educational disparities between girls and boys remain significant. Sixty-four per cent of young Ethiopians are illiterate, 77 per cent of whom are girls. While there has been progress in access to education at all levels in Ethiopia, men are the main beneficiaries. This observation on the application of the minimum age highlights various difficulties that exacerbate the consequences of non-application of Convention No. 138 in that gender equality is not respected.

Ethiopia ratified the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1981. However, the country has not ratified its Optional Protocol or the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa. Beyond the unavoidable need to legislate in the field of education to establish free and compulsory schooling, it is clear that legislation must also combat all forms of discrimination, including gender discrimination, and this legislative work to draw up an education code accompanied by programmes to combat all forms of discrimination must be done in full and genuine consultation with the social partners, particularly trade union organizations.

The consultations we are advocating must guarantee a constructive social dialogue that promotes values that are likely to bring about the social changes essential to the country’s development, through the education of its young people. I would therefore request you, Mr Chairperson, to highlight in your conclusions the seriousness of the case that has hampered the country’s future. I also hope that you will offer the Government adequate technical assistance from the Office to help it update its legislation to bring it into line with the standards, with a view to informing us of substantial progress as early as next year.

Government member, Algeria – Algeria would like to thank Ethiopia for presenting its report. We note with satisfaction the progress made in implementing the recommendations of the Committee of Experts to combat child labour and respect the minimum age of admission to employment.

Algeria would like to commend the measures taken by Ethiopia to prevent and combat violence against children with a view to fully respecting children’s rights. In addition, the Algerian delegation would like to congratulate Ethiopia on its efforts to strengthen the labour inspection system in order to promote the full application of the Convention. We particularly appreciate the open and constructive attitude of the Ethiopian Government in its efforts to amend the labour legislation in this area.

Algeria believes that the Office should take into account national realities and specific circumstances in its assessment of the application of the Convention. The Office should also plan to support Ethiopia in its social mobilization against child labour, with particular emphasis on the need to integrate child labour issues into national policies and strategies for sustainable development.

Government member, Mozambique – Mozambique would like to congratulate the Government of Ethiopia for the comprehensive report it has provided on the measures taken to address child labour issues. The Government of Mozambique noticed that the Government of Ethiopia has revised its labour laws in consultation with the social partners towards addressing child labour issues among others. We want to commend Ethiopia in this regard. The Government of Ethiopia is also committed to expanding universal primary education for all and legislative achievements in this regard seem to be impressive. Mozambique would want the Office to walk with the Government of Ethiopia and the social partners in addressing any issues that may be outstanding.

Worker member, South Africa – We are excited about the recent developments and promising news coming out of and from Ethiopia as a result of the renewed and focused dedication of the current Government to improve the social, economic and political situation in the country. It is from this background that we make this intervention so that the children can also be direct and real beneficiaries of the intentions of the Government to improve the situation on the ground. Given the various figures, the Committee of Experts’ Report pointed to the number of children engaged in child labour, those not in school and those that dropped out of school for sundry reasons. One can see that the situation of children in Ethiopia is dire and profound. Of course the Report did not talk about the 120,000 street children in major cities, notably Addis Ababa, that are begging for survival. Thus, one can infer that dealing with the plight of children in Ethiopia will need a concerted, real, steadfast, strategic and well-resourced response which in fact is doable and winnable.

In terms of a concerted response, the Ethiopian Government is urged to consider infrastructure and amenities development in rural areas so as to check the influx of rural dwellers to the city. Most of these new city arrivals have been reported to deploy their children onto the streets as beggars, largely because they were led by the push to see and feel the good life of the city. When children are subjected to hard and harsh conditions, their physiological, mental and social development are arrested and their future can be blank and blighted.

Further, for economies such as Ethiopia, striving for a better and developed society, the children, as its heritage, resource and future must be protected and secured. We are excited that the Ethiopian Government has pledged its commitment to include the national minimum wage adoption in application in its proposed labour law reforms process. This is because we know that aside from the fact that concentrated infrastructure development lures people away from the rural areas to the cities, poor wages equally drive migration and movement from rural to urban areas and also induce and exacerbate child labour. It is equally imperative that the Ethiopian Government considers upscaling its labour inspection duties so as to be able to better identify, reverse and tame child labour. In the cases where children are engaged in workplaces and by unscrupulous employers, an effective and responsive labour inspection regime will be able to identify, investigate and sanction such offenders.

Government member, Namibia – Namibia takes note of the several legal instruments that were adopted by the Government of Ethiopia since 2013. This is a step in the right direction as the legal instruments will assist the eradication of child labour, forced labour and human trafficking in Ethiopia. The results as presented by the Government of Ethiopia in their reply today, on the universalization of primary education, it yielded positive results as there are increases in both the number of primary schools and the net enrolment rate as well as improvement in the drop-out rate.

The efforts undertaken by the Government of Ethiopia in the advancement of the application of Convention is commendable. Thus, we encourage the ILO to avail technical assistance to compliment the Government’s robust efforts to strengthen the labour inspectorate system in the country and ensure the full application of the Minimum Age Convention. Finally, the Committee in its conclusions should take into to consideration the efforts taken by the Government of Ethiopia.

Government member, Zimbabwe – The Government of Ethiopia has informed us of the concerted efforts that they have made to strengthen Ethiopia’s labour inspectorate system, so as to ensure that related services are more effectively accessible to all enterprises and workplaces towards the full application of the Convention and enforcement of national labour laws, with a distinct focus on child labour, forced labour and human trafficking. We derive full confidence from indications given that this will soon be fully operational in compliance with the protections laid down in the Convention.

The Government of Zimbabwe further notes that the Government of Ethiopia has informed this Committee about the modalities that it is going to employ to expand access to education and also to improve the quality of education for its people. This is a development which other governments are encouraged to emulate. Most significantly, it is encouraging to note that the Government of Ethiopia has also provided information to the effect that it is currently revising its labour laws with a view to setting the minimum age for admission into employment. This is a positive development which will go a long way in enhancing compliance with the Convention, which forms the basis of our discussion.

The Government of Ethiopia has informed this august house that it worked with social partners in revising the list of the hazardous work to which children and young people should not be subjected. This in itself demonstrates that the Government of Ethiopia has not only embraced the principle of social dialogue, but also applies it when addressing socio-economic issues, including child labour situations.

Finally, the Government of Zimbabwe applauds the readiness of the Government of Ethiopia to continue working with its social partners and indeed with the ILO in implementing programmes and projects that give effect to the principles enshrined in the Convention.

Government member, Nigeria – Nigeria takes the floor to support the progress made by the Government of Ethiopia in improving the application of the Convention. As already presented, the Government of Ethiopia has embarked upon an ambitious Labour Law reform aimed at addressing the observed gaps and discrepancies with a view to reinforcing the existing capacity of labour inspection in the informal sector of its economy. This will go a long way to protecting the rights and improving the general working conditions of workers as well as reducing the prevalence of child labour. Ethiopia has also embarked on improvement of its children school enrolment rate in recent years through the adoption of the Education and Training Policy and the Education Sector Development Programmes, respectively. The adoption of the School Feeding Programme as done in Nigeria is another laudable programme of the Ethiopian Government aimed at improving the school enrolment rate as well as a reduction in the rate of dropouts. Furthermore, the establishment of mobile schools in line with the demands of its pastoral communities further attests to the Government’s desire to improve on the education opportunities to children of all ages regardless of their socio-cultural background. In the matter of the minimum age of admissibility to work and the determination of hazardous work, Ethiopia has also made appreciable progress as presented in the current review of its national Labour Law exercise that has raised the minimum working age of young persons from 14 to 15 years. In the light of the foregoing, Nigeria is of the view that these programmes and reform measures should be given the opportunity to take root with a view to complying with the required standard of the Committee.

Government member, Angola – The Government of Angola acknowledges that Ethiopia has made great efforts with regard to Convention No. 138 through the strengthening of the labour inspection system, regulation in the informal sector and implementation of the education programme. Our Government therefore encourages Ethiopia to continue to make progress.

Government member, Egypt – First of all, we would like to thank the representative of the Government of Ethiopia for the information provided with regards to the implementation of the Convention. We have taken note of all the measures adopted by the Ethiopian Government in order to respect, in practice, the provisions of this extremely important Convention and we await the review of the Labour Code and the strengthening of the labour inspections system ensuring coverage of the informal and formal sectors. We also await news of the further developments of the national education strategy to reduce dropouts and increase schooling levels. We also welcome the recognition of the principle of social dialogue in Ethiopia and all of its dimensions. So we wish to underscore our appreciation of all the initiates taken by the Government and urge the ILO to take all measures necessary to support the Government in its efforts to ensure full respective of the Convention.

Government member, Uganda – My delegation has taken note of the steps that the Ethiopian Government is taking to improve application of the Convention, which include among others, the education road map and it informs the municipal laws to bring them into conformity with international labour standards. The Ethiopian Education Programme will go a long way in addressing the problems of lack of access to education which is a key driver for eliminating all forms of child labour. We urge the Ethiopian Government to continue on the path and therefore call upon the Committee to take note of the progress made.

Government member, Kenya – The Kenyan delegation welcomes the comprehensive statement made by the Government representative from Ethiopia in regard to the issues raised by the Committee regarding the country’s compliance with the provisions of the ratified Convention. We have taken careful note of the statement and are encouraged by the efforts that are under way with a view of ensuring full compliance with the Convention. Just like many other developing countries, various challenges sometimes impede the full realization of the objectives of the Convention, but what is needed is unwavering commitment on education to overcome the challenges, something which the Ethiopian Government has demonstrated in its statement. The Kenyan delegation wishes to call upon this Committee to exercise a little patience with the Ethiopian Government and allow it to complete the various reforms and programmes that are being undertaken with respect to the Committee’s observations.

Finally, because of the ambitious and expansive nature of some of the programmes, it will be useful for the Organization working with the Government to consider areas where technical cooperation support can be availed to help in addressing the identified gaps.

Government representative – I have been listening carefully to the discussion inspired on our case. I would like to thank the social partners and those governments for their constructive interventions that are insightful for advancing the application of the Convention in point. We have benefited a lot from the discussion that will help us to improve our effort to mitigate the gaps so far identified by the Committee with respect to child labour.

As the survey was done in 2015, a lot has been done by the Ethiopian Government but still we have a long way to go and we are left with assignments to do. Considering that lack of awareness among the public is contributing to child labour, we have been organizing campaigns to mark the annual Day Against Child Labour– which is today – to sensitize the public with the aim to promote an integrated approach to tackle the root causes of child labour and engagement of stakeholders including our social partners to strengthen workplace safety and health for all workers with the specific safeguarding to young workers between the ages of 15 and 18. That said, I would like to reflect on some of the issues raised in the house.

So one of the issues raised is related to free and compulsory education in Ethiopia. Let me be clear on this point, achieving universal primary education is one of the public policies in Ethiopia and public spending on education has increased over the decades. In this regard, beside the interventions that I have mentioned earlier, the education sector has been receiving more than 24 per cent of the total national expenditure meeting the global benchmark which is 20 per cent of the national budget spent on education as put forth by Education for All. This is an impressive achievement which calls for maintaining a share of Government expenditure being spent on education.

Though I have mentioned some progress earlier, it is important to mention some of the unexpected reforms made by the Government that could tell us that it is not impossible to change any backlogs that we had. My Government in this regard is working a profound reform journey and working strongly to empower women in education, politics and economy believing that empowering women is empowering the society in which children would enjoy fully their rights to education, health-care and other social services.

In cognizance of this, it is just recently that 50 per cent of the Cabinet members become women, of which I am one of them. Besides, for the first time in Ethiopian history, a woman has been appointed as a President of the country. It is in this reform movement that both the President of the Supreme Court and Spokesperson of the House of Federation become women. Such a reform was never told of to happen in the past. This political empowerment of women will lay down a foundation for other reforms for women in different spheres that could bring a significant change in the lives of society in general and the lives of children and girl children specifically.

It is my stronger conviction that the profound reform that is taking place in Ethiopia would help to change the prevailing scenario of child labour in line with the national and international instruments that intend to protect them. I would also like to inform the Committee that Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 4 which aims at ensuring an inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all, are integrated into our national development plan and progress has been made in this regard.

In conclusion, I would like to once again affirm the commitment of my Government for the full application of the Convention in point taking into account the discussions inspired in this august house and we are open for the ILO’s technical support and other development partners’ assistance in this regard.

Employer members – Having listened to all the submissions from the Government and the interventions from the Workers as well as from the floor, as Employers, we are encouraged that significant progress has been and is being made by Ethiopia in harmonizing its national laws and practice with the Convention.

We are equally encouraged by the commitment of the Ethiopian Employers’ Confederation to work closely with the Government to ensure that employers do not take any under-age child into employment. We believe this will go a long way to tackling and finally eradicating the problem of child labour in Ethiopia. The Employers recognize that child labour deprives children of their childhood, their dignity and it is often harmful to their physical and mental development. With a global record of 152 million children in child labour and 73 million of them in hazardous work, it is one of the most serious challenges we face today in the world. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has called upon the international community to respond urgently to this challenge. In particular, we note that under the SDG on decent work and economic growth, all countries commit to achieving target 8.7, namely “take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour and modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers and by 2025 child labour in all its forms”. Convention No. 138 provides the legal framework for the elimination of child labour. As primary objective, as indicated in Article 1, is the pursuit of a national policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour and to raise progressively the minimum age for admission to employment or work to a level consistent with the fullest physical and mental development of young persons. This Convention, together with Convention No. 182, constitutes the most authoritative international normative framework to address this problem. We welcome the Government’s commitment to full application of the Convention and its willingness to seek support from the ILO and other partners in combating child labour. Considering the severity of the present situation in Ethiopia, we suggest that the Committee recommend the Government of Ethiopia to take the following actions: first, the Government should strengthen its national legal framework and enforcement of laws aimed at abolishing child labour, including the periodic review and update of a national list of hazardous work prohibited for all children. This should be done in consultation with the most representative employers’ and workers’ organizations in that country. The Government should also seek to align its legal framework with the policies relevant for the eradication of child labour in line with the Convention.

Second, the Government should strengthen the capacity of labour inspectorate and other enforcement services, regarding both material and human resources, and conduct training for inspectors to better detect and address child labour to promote and ensure compliance with legislation. Third, the Government should strengthen its policies aimed at ensuring equal access to free, public and compulsory education for all children in quality and inclusive education systems. Furthermore, the Government should seek technical assistance from the ILO in developing a plan to promote lifelong skills training, quality apprenticeships and a smooth school-to-work transition for its youth population. Finally, the Government should deepen its efforts to promote partnerships with employers’ and workers’ organizations and other relevant stakeholders to eliminate and prohibit child labour through social dialogue and strong cooperation. While we believe that the situation of child labour in Ethiopia is very serious, we recognize that the Government of Ethiopia has demonstrated its commitment and desire to combat this issue head on. With technical assistance from the ILO and support from the international community, we have confidence that the Government of Ethiopia will be able to implement the recommendations of the Committee and to fully apply the Convention.

Worker members – I would like to thank all the speakers, and in particular the representative of the Ethiopian Government for the information she was able to provide to our Committee.

Ethiopian children are the future of the country. It is therefore essential to provide them with a basic education that will enable them to make a significant contribution to the country’s social and economic development. Guaranteeing them this basic education involves removing them from employment in scrupulous observance of the Convention.

Regarding the scope of application of the legislation on the prohibition of child labour, it is essential that an explicit provision in the Labour Law specifies that the provisions on the prohibition of child labour apply beyond contractual employment relationships and cover both workers in the informal economy and those working on their own account. A legal provision that explicitly extends the scope of this legislation to these categories of workers will also legitimize the action of the inspection services.

Capacity-building for labour inspection, particularly in the informal economy, seems to us to be essential. Compliance in practice with the prohibition of child labour can only be achieved by setting up an inspection body that has the necessary resources to ensure the effectiveness of its action. Moreover, the Government itself has called for assistance from the Office to work on building the capacity of these inspection services.

It would also be useful for the Ethiopian Government to share the results obtained by the inspection services in the informal sector in terms of combating child labour. In the information provided to us by the Government, many initiatives are highlighted to demonstrate that progress has been made in improving the coverage of legislation relating to child labour. However, in this information provided in writing to the Committee, we do not find any government initiatives aimed at filling the legislative gaps identified with regard to the scope of application of legislation concerning child labour.

However, we have heard that draft legislative reforms to address these gaps are being developed. It would be useful for the Government to provide any relevant information in writing to the Committee of Experts. Accordingly, we call on the Government to implement a legislative amendment that aims to extend the application of the legislation beyond employment relationships that are established under a contract of employment.

As we have seen, there is a close link between compulsory education and the abolition of child labour. It is therefore essential that Ethiopia introduce compulsory schooling at least up to the minimum age for admission to employment, namely 15 years of age. In this regard, it is encouraging that the Government has announced the introduction of a bill to raise the age of admission to employment in Ethiopia from 14 to 15 years of age. We hope that this legislative amendment will come to fruition.

The Ethiopian Government has also confirmed that a legislative process is under way to make primary education compulsory. We will closely monitor the effective implementation of this compulsory education and we invite the Government to provide any information in this regard in the future. This will be a welcome step. It will then be necessary to continue these reforms and make education compulsory up to 15 years of age in order to ensure full compliance with the Convention in this regard.

Hazardous work is also an issue in Ethiopia. Many young children are still engaged in such work. The existing list of hazardous and prohibited types of work for children under 18 years of age is currently being revised. The Ethiopian Government will ensure that it consults the social partners during the revision of this list. Beyond the drawing up of such a list, the necessary measures should be taken to ensure that, in practice, children under 18 years of age are no longer employed in hazardous activities.

We are confident that the Government will take seriously our Committee’s call for the establishment of a genuine national policy for the effective abolition of child labour in Ethiopia. Child labour is still present on a massive scale in Ethiopia, and it is time to reverse this trend.

The Ethiopian Government can rely on the desire of everyone present in this room to assist it in this colossal challenge, which nevertheless must be faced. The Government has expressed its openness to receiving technical assistance from the Office. We welcome the constructive spirit demonstrated by the Government to engage in resolving the shortcomings that we cannot fail to observe in the application of the Convention. We therefore recommend that the Ethiopian Government seek technical assistance from the Office.

Conclusions of the Committee

The Committee took note of the comprehensive information provided by the Government representative on the developments achieved so far, and on the remaining challenges and the discussion that followed.

Taking into account the Government submissions and the discussion that followed, the Committee urges the Government to:

- address gaps in the Labour Law and align the legal framework in consultation with workers’ and employers’ organizations, so as to ensure that the protection afforded by the Convention, covers all children under the age of 14 engaged in employment or work;

- strengthen the capacity of the labour inspectorate and competent services, including in terms of human, material and technical resources and training, particularly in the informal economy, with a view to ensuring effective protection and compliance with legislation;

- introduce legislative measures to provide free public and compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years, and ensure its effective implementation in practice without delay;

- improve the functioning of the educational system through measures that aim to increase school enrolment rates and to decrease drop-out rates;

- ensure the expeditious revision of the decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, of 2 September, 1997, in order to expand its application to children engaged in professional education in vocational centres. The Government is invited to avail itself of International Labour Organization (ILO) technical assistance in developing a plan to promote life-long skills training, quality apprenticeship and smooth transition from school to work for its youth population;

- take all necessary measures to ensure that in practice, children under 18 years of age, are not engaged in hazardous work in urban and rural areas, including the periodic update and review of the national list of hazardous work prohibited for all children;

- promote partnerships with employers’ and workers’ organizations and other relevant stakeholders, to eliminate and prohibit child labour through social dialogue and strong cooperation; and

- develop a time-bound action plan in consultation with the social partners, in order to progressively increase the age of admission to employment and compulsory education to 16 years.

The Committee encourages the Government to avail itself of ILO technical assistance to ensure the full and effective application of this fundamental Convention, and to report on the measures taken, to the Committee of Experts for examination at its next session in 2019.

Government representative – Allow me to thank once again the social partners and Governments for their constructive and forward-looking discussion on our case. While attaching high values to the outcomes of the discussion, I would like to reaffirm the commitment of my Government to take all possible measures towards the full implementation of the Convention with the aim to reduce and eliminate child labour in all its forms. In light of the above, we have taken note of the conclusions of the Committee and we request the Committee to give us a reasonably sufficient time to address child labour issues in Ethiopia which indeed are complex and require support of various development partners including the ILO.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2022, published 111st ILC session (2023)

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy and application of the Convention in practice. The Committee previously noted that according to the 2015 Child Labour Survey results, the number of children aged 5–13 years engaged in child labour was estimated to be 13,139,991 with 41.7 per cent aged between 5 and 11 years.

In response to its previous comments concerning the measures undertaken for the elimination of child labour, the Committee notes the Government’s information in its report that several policies and action plans for the elimination of child labour are in place notably, the National Social Protection Policy, the Education and Training Policy, the National Occupational Safety and Health Policy and the newly endorsed National Action Plan on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (NAP-WFCL) 2021-2022. The Government indicates that the Tripartite Steering Committee undertook the evaluation of the 2019-2020 national action plan implementation report and identified critical challenges and crafted remedial measures. In addition, a national Tripartite plus Steering Committee comprising the Federal Government agencies, employers’ and workers’ organizations and civic societies have been established to execute, follow-up, monitor and evaluate the NAP 2021-22.

The Committee further notes from the Government’s report under the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) that a number of projects are being implemented in collaboration with CARE-Ethiopia, the Freedom Fund, the ILO-Ethiopia Office, the Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions (CETU), and GIZ (German Agency for International Cooperation for sustainable development) with the objective of preventing and reducing the prevalence of child labour in Ethiopia.

The Committee however notes from the UNICEF Policy Brief 2020: Child labour and the Youth Market in Ethiopia that despite several initiatives taken by the Government and civil society to combat child labour, the incidence of the phenomenon remains high in Ethiopia with approximately 43 per cent of children aged 5–17 engaged in child labour. The Committee further notes from the UNICEF report entitled A Review of Child Sensitivity in Social Policies in Ethiopia, December 2021 that a recent study on child poverty in Ethiopia estimates that 36 million of its 41 million children are multidimensionally poor. The impact of a rise in poverty and extreme poverty, coupled with social norms that normalize child labour to some extent, make households far more likely to resort to child labour to cope with job losses associated with COVID-19. While noting the measures taken by the Government, the Committee expresses its concern at the significant number of children who are involved in and are at risk of being involved in child labour. The Committee therefore urges the Government to intensify its efforts to address the situation of children engaged in child labour, and to ensure the progressive elimination of child labour. It requests the Government to provide specific information on the concrete measures taken in this regard, including within the framework of the NAP 2021-22 and the results achieved.

Article 2(1). Scope of application and labour inspection. The Committee had previously noted that 89.4 per cent of the children engaged in child labour worked in the agricultural, forestry and fishing sectors and in wholesale and retail trade sector and the majority of children performing economic activities were working as unpaid family workers (95.6 per cent).

The Committee notes that the new Labour Law Proclamation No. 1156 of 2019, which prohibits the employment of children under 15 years, applies only to employment relations based on a contract of employment that exists between a worker and an employer (section 3). The Committee notes the Government’s information that in order to monitor child labour in the informal economy, the newly structured labour administration body of the Ministry of Labour and Skills has developed a new strategy to complement the labour advisory services of the labour inspection system. Accordingly, MOU’s were signed with key Ministries including the Ministry of Health and Agriculture which has access to all households in the informal sector and uses its extension worker service to create public awareness and to detect and inform cases of child labour to the law enforcement bodies. The Government also indicates that a complaint handling mechanism has been established for filing and responding to complaints about child labour. The labour inspection service closely works with the community police, trade unions, community-based organization, women’s associations, and non-governmental organizations to receive complaints and information related to child labour and exploitation. In addition, the labour inspection services have been enhanced by increasing the number of labour inspectors from 441 in 2019 to 637 in 2021 and their annual labour inspection visits raised from 39,000 in 2019 to 43,000 in 2021. Newly assigned labour inspectors were provided training on conducting inspections, particularly of child labour. Moreover, in coordination with the ILO Decent Work Country Programme, eight motor bikes and nine digital monitoring equipments were distributed to labour inspectors in six regions based on their activity. The Government indicates in its report under Convention No. 182 that in 2020 a total of 58,006 workplace inspections were carried out including inspections of child labour in enterprises. Investigation reports on 13,981 visited establishments notified that the minimum age for admission to employment (15 years) should be respected and strict screening mechanisms to determine the age of applicant need to be followed. The Committee requests the Government to continue to strengthen the functioning of the labour inspection system to enable it to effectively monitor and detect cases of child labour, including children working on their own account as well as in agriculture and the informal economy and to provide information on the measures taken in this regard. The Committee also requests the Government to provide statistical information on the number and nature of violations of child labour detected through the new strategy developed within the labour advisory services of the labour inspection system as well as the number of complaints related to child labour and exploitation received and handled by the Complaints Handling Mechanism within the labour inspection service.

Article 2(2). Raising the minimum age for admission to employment or work. The Committee previously noted the Government’s indication that the revised Labour Law raises the minimum working age limit of young persons from 14 to 15 years. The Committee accordingly notes with satisfaction that section 89(2) of the Labour Proclamation No. 1156 of 2019 prohibits the employment of persons under 15 years of age. The Committee once again requests the Government to consider the possibility of sending a new declaration under Article 2(2) of the Convention thereby notifying the Director-General of the ILO that it has raised the minimum age that it had previously specified.

Article 2(3). Age of completion of compulsory schooling. With regard to its previous comments, concerning making education compulsory up to the minimum age of admission to employment, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that it is currently engaged in drafting legislation and conducting public discussions on making primary education compulsory. The Committee also notes the Government’s information that the Education Policy provides for free primary education and that the Government is committed to achieving universal and quality primary education for all school age children through various programmes, including the school feeding programme, provision of uniform and other educational materials for children, mobile schooling for children from pastoralist areas, and the expansion of school facilities and advocacy works. Recalling that compulsory education is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, the Committee expresses the firm hope that the Government will take the necessary measures to make education compulsory up to the minimum age for admission to employment or work in accordance with Article 2(3) of the Convention.

Article 3. Determination of hazardous work. The Committee notes that the Government has not provided any information as requested by the Committee in its previous comments but indicates that the data will be collected from the regional and city labour inspection offices.

The Committee notes the Government’s information that a new Directive No. 813/2021, restating the hazardous activities prohibited to young workers, has been issued in order to protect young workers from serious occupational injuries or damage to their health in the course of their work and that the federal and regional labour inspection service is currently enforcing this directive across the country. The Committee requests the Government to provide a copy of Directive No. 813 of 2021 and to provideinformation on its application in practice, indicating the number and nature of violations detected and penalties imposed.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It hopes that the next report will contain full information on the matters raised in its previous comments.

Repetition

Article 2(2) of the Convention. Raising the minimum age for admission to employment or work.  The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the revised Labour Law raises the minimum working age limit of young persons from 14 to 15 years.  The Committee welcomes this information and expresses the hope that the Government will take the necessary measures to raise the minimum age for admission to employment or work from 14 years (initially specified) to 15 years. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to consider, after the adoption of the Labour Law raising the minimum age to 15 years, the possibility of sending a new declaration under Article 2(2) of the Convention thereby notifying the Director-General of the ILO that it has raised the minimum age that it had previously specified.

Article 3. Hazardous work and vocational education.  The Committee previously noted that section 4(1) of the Decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers contains a detailed list of types of hazardous work and a general prohibition of all other kinds of work likely to jeopardize the young worker’s morals or physical condition or health. The Committee observed that, according to section 4(2) of the Decree, the prohibition set out in section 4(1) does not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. Finally, the Committee noted that while the above-mentioned Decree of 1997 had been amended, young persons under the age of 18 years who carry out work in the course of professional education in vocational schools remain outside the scope of the Decree. It noted the Government’s indication that vocational training is provided upon the completion of secondary education that is completion of grade 10, during which time most children have reached the age of 17, or at least 16, which is in line with the Convention. The Committee requested the Government to provide information on the measures taken to ensure that children between 16 and 18 years of age, who are following courses in vocational schools and might perform hazardous work, receive specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity.

The Committee notes the Government’s information that with regard to the safety, health and moral well-being of young workers, an Occupational Health and Safety training manual is being implemented in cooperation with the Technical and Vocational Training Institutions (TVETs) to guide course curriculum and training methodology towards improving the working conditions of young workers in small and medium-sized enterprises.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2021, published 110th ILC session (2022)

The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It is therefore bound to repeat its previous comments.

Repetition

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th Session (June 2020). The Committee proceeded with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received from the Government this year as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

The Committee notes the observations of the International Organisation of Employers (IOE), and the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) received on 29 August 2019 and 1 September 2019, respectively. It also notes the detailed discussion which took place at the 108th Session of the Conference Committee on the Application of Standards (CAS) in June 2019, concerning the application by Ethiopia of the Convention.

Follow-up to the conclusions of the Committee on the Application of Standards (International Labour Conference, 108th Session, June 2019)

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy and application of the Convention in practice. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the various measures taken by the Government to eliminate child labour, including the Ethiopians Fighting Against Child Exploitation (E-FACE) project; the Community Care Coalition whereby in-kind and cash support is used to prevent child labour; as well as the National Action Plan (NAP 2011–17) to prevent child labour exploitation. The Committee observed that according to the 2015 Child Labour Survey results, the number of children aged 5–13 years engaged in child labour was estimated to be 13,139,991 (page 63) with 41.7 per cent aged between 5 and 11 years (page xii).

The Committee notes the Government’s information in its 2019 report that within the framework of the NAP 2011–17 to eliminate child labour, several public awareness-raising programmes were conducted on child labour through conversation and media forums reaching about 1,170,904 people in child labour affected areas and 441 labour inspectors were provided with capacity-building training on prevention of child labour. The Committee also notes the Government’s indication that on an average, 39,000 inspections were carried out annually in different establishments with a focus on child labour. The Government also indicates that the grassroots community organizations known as Community Care Coalition have made significant contributions through mobilizing community resources to prevent vulnerable children from entering into child labour by supporting their families and providing shelter. Moreover, a comprehensive child labour policy has been issued in consultation with the social partners and relevant stakeholders to address child labour. The Committee further notes from the document on the E-FACE project that to date this project has impacted the lives of more than 18,000 children engaged in child labour allowing them to attend school and reducing the risk of dropout. 

The Committee further notes the Government’s information in its supplementary report that in December 2019, the Government launched the Alliance 8.7, the global partnership for eradicating forced labour, child labour and human trafficking around the world. In addition, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, child protection activities were provided to vulnerable children and a significant number of street children were protected from socio-economic hazards. Moreover, close monitoring and support of community-based protection activities for families and children in need have been set in place. While noting the measures taken by the Government, the Committee urges the Government to continue to take the necessary measures for the progressive elimination of child labour. It requests the Government to continue to provide specific information on the concrete measures taken in this regard as well as the results achieved. The Committee also requests the Government to provide detailed information on the manner in which the Convention is applied in practice, including, for example, statistical data on the employment of children and young persons, extracts from the reports of the inspection services, and information on the number and nature of violations detected and penalties applied involving children and young persons.

Article 2(1). Scope of application. The Committee previously noted that although section 89(2) of the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42 of 1993 prohibits the employment of persons under 14 years of age, the provisions of the Labour Law did not cover work performed outside an employment relationship. It noted the Government’s indication that the Constitution provides for the right of children to be protected from any forms of exploitative labour, without any discrimination, whether employed or self-employed, working in the formal or informal sector. The Committee noted that according to the 2015 Child Labour Survey results, 89.4 per cent of the children engaged in child labour worked in the agricultural, forestry and fishing sectors and in wholesale and retail trade sector. The majority of children performing economic activities were working as unpaid family workers (95.6 per cent) (page xii). Noting with concern the high number of children working in the informal economy, the Committee requested the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that all children under 14 years of age, particularly children working on their own account or in the informal economy, benefit from the protection laid down by the Convention.

The Committee notes that the Conference Committee, in its concluding observations, urged the Government to strengthen the capacity of the labour inspectorate and competent services, including human, material and technical resources and training, particularly in the informal economy. It also notes that the IOE, in its observations, commended the Government for taking the following steps to address the gaps in the Labour Law, such as: (i) extending the labour advisory services in the informal sector; and (ii) strengthening the labour inspectorate system in the country to make it accessible to all enterprises and workplaces.

The Committee notes the Government’s information in its 2019 report that measures are being taken to extend labour advisory services in the informal economy with the aim of protecting the rights of all workers, including young workers working without an employment relationship such as work on their own account or in the informal economy. The Government also indicates that efforts are being made to strengthen the labour inspectorate system in the country so as to ensure that such services are effectively accessible to all enterprises and workplaces.  The Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that all children under 14 years of age, particularly children working on their own account or in the informal economy, benefit from the protection laid down by the Convention. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to continue to take measures to strengthen the capacities and expand the reach of the labour inspectorate so that it can adequately monitor and detect cases of child labour, particularly involving children working in the informal economy, and on their own account. It requests the Government to provide information on any measures taken or progress made in this regard.

Article 2(3). Age of completion of compulsory schooling. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the Government’s indication that it had started the process of drafting legislation which aims at making primary education compulsory. It also noted that according to the Child Labour Survey of 2015, the school attendance rate was 61.3 per cent among children aged 5–17 years. Moreover, 2,830,842 children in the 5–17 years age group (7.6 per cent of the total number of children in the country), dropped out of school with the dropout rate higher among working children (10.9 per cent) than non-working children (4.1 per cent) and among working boys (11.6 per cent) than working girls (9.8 per cent) (pages 86 and 88). The Committee further noted that the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), in its 2015 concluding observations, expressed concern at: (i) the lack of national legislation on free and compulsory education; (ii) the persistent regional disparities in enrolment rates and the high number of school-aged children, particularly girls, who remained out of school; as well as (iii) the high dropout rates and the significant low enrolment rates in pre-primary education and secondary education (CRC/C/ETH/CO/4-5, paragraph 61).

The Committee notes the statement made by the Government representative of Ethiopia to the Conference Committee that the School Feeding Programme supplemented by specific interventions have significantly improved inclusiveness, participation and achievements in education. The Government representative also stated that a rural–urban Productive Safety Net Programme to improve the income of targeted poor households in the rural and urban areas and the Ethiopian Education Development Roadmap, 2018–2030 to address the gap in access to quality education has been developed. Moreover, Alternative Basic Education modalities are being implemented, such as mobile schools for children of pastoral and semi-pastoral communities. It notes that the Conference Committee, in its conclusions, urged the Government to introduce legislative measures to provide free and compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years and ensure its effective implementation as well as to improve the functioning of the educational system through measures to increase the school enrolment rates and decrease dropout rates.

The Committee notes the observations made by ITUC that there is a close link between compulsory education and the abolition of child labour and hence it is essential that Ethiopia introduce compulsory schooling at least up to the minimum age for admission to employment.

The Committee notes the Government’s information in its 2019 report that it is committed to achieving universal and quality primary education for all school-aged children. Accordingly, it is implementing the Education and Training Policy and the Education Sector Development Programme (ESD) (2016–20) which has led to the achievement of the following results: (i) the number of primary schools has increased from 33,373 in 2014–15 to 36,466 in 2017–18; (ii) the net enrolment rate has increased from 94.3 per cent in 2014–15 to nearly 100 per cent in 2017–18 with a gender parity index of 0.9 per cent; and (iii) the school dropout rates have decreased from 18 per cent in 2008–09 to 9 per cent in 2013–14. The Government further indicates that the Urban Productive Safety Net Programme which has the objective of providing access to basic nutrition through the school feeding programme to over 300,000 marginalized school children is being implemented in selected urban areas.

The Committee notes, from the UNICEF Annual Report 2018 that while the enrolment rate in primary education has improved (which has tripled from 2000 to 2016), the transition from primary to secondary education remains a bottleneck, with children in rural areas predisposed to dropping out of school and only 25 per cent of secondary school-aged girls attending secondary school. Furthermore, according to the UNICEF report entitled Multidimensional Child Deprivation in Ethiopia, National Estimates, 2018, 50 per cent of children aged 5–17 years were deprived of education in 2016. The proportion of children in rural areas aged 7–17 years who are not attending school is more than double that of children residing in urban areas. The Committee finally notes that the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in its concluding observations of March 2019 remained concerned that primary education is still not compulsory and at the high dropout and low completion rates of girls at the primary level (CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/8, paragraph 33(a)). Recalling that compulsory education is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, the Committee once again urges the Government to take the necessary steps to make education compulsory up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years in accordance with Article 2(3) of the Convention. While noting the measures taken by the Government, the Committee strongly encourages the Government to pursue its efforts to increase school enrolment rates, decrease dropout rates and ensure completion of compulsory education with a view to preventing children under 14 years of age from being engaged in child labour.

Article 3. Determination of hazardous work. The Committee previously noted that the Decree of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers which contained a detailed list of types of hazardous work was undergoing revision. The Committee observed that, according to the Child Labour Survey, the rate of hazardous work among children aged 5–17 years was 23.3 per cent (28 per cent for boys versus 18.2 per cent for girls). The average hours of work per week performed by children engaged in hazardous work in this age group was 41.4 hours with 50 per cent of them working more than 42 hours per week. The Committee also noted that among children engaged in hazardous work, 87.5 per cent work in the agricultural sector, and 66.2 per cent are involved in other hazardous working conditions such as night work, working in an unhealthy environment or using unsafe equipment at work (page xiii). The Committee urged the Government to strengthen its efforts to ensure that, in practice, children under 18 years of age were not engaged in hazardous work. It also requested the Government to indicate whether a new list of types of hazardous work was adopted and to supply a copy.

The Committee notes the Government’s information in its 2019 report that the list of activities prohibited to young persons has been revised in consultation with social partners and a directive has been issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs in 2013 in this regard. It notes the unofficial translated copy of the directive provided by the Government which contains a list of 16 activities which are harmful to the health, safety and well-being of young workers and therefore prohibited. This list includes: work in transport of passengers and goods by road, railway, air and waterways; works related to handling of heavy material; fishing at sea; underground work at mines and quarries; works connected with electric power generation plants or transmission lines; work at elevation in construction; work on production of alcoholic drinks and drugs; work in extremely hot and cold conditions; work exposed to ionizing and non-ionizing, x-rays and ultraviolet rays; work with flammable and explosive materials; work with toxic chemicals and pesticides; and all works that will have adverse effects on the physical and psychological development of young persons. The list also provides the maximum weight limits that could be carried by young persons. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the application in practice of the revised list under the directive of 2013, particularly for hazardous work in agriculture, including statistics on the number and nature of violations reported and penalties imposed.

The Committee reminds the Government that it may avail itself of technical assistance from the ILO with respect to the issues raised in its present comment.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

The Committee hopes that the Government will make every effort to take the necessary action in the near future.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

Article 2(2) of the Convention. Raising the minimum age for admission to employment or work.  The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the revised Labour Law raises the minimum working age limit of young persons from 14 to 15 years.  The Committee welcomes this information and expresses the hope that the Government will take the necessary measures to raise the minimum age for admission to employment or work from 14 years (initially specified) to 15 years. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to consider, after the adoption of the Labour Law raising the minimum age to 15 years, the possibility of sending a new declaration under Article 2(2) of the Convention thereby notifying the Director-General of the ILO that it has raised the minimum age that it had previously specified.

Article 3. Hazardous work and vocational education.  The Committee previously noted that section 4(1) of the Decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers contains a detailed list of types of hazardous work and a general prohibition of all other kinds of work likely to jeopardize the young worker’s morals or physical condition or health. The Committee observed that, according to section 4(2) of the Decree, the prohibition set out in section 4(1) does not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. Finally, the Committee noted that while the above-mentioned Decree of 1997 had been amended, young persons under the age of 18 years who carry out work in the course of professional education in vocational schools remain outside the scope of the Decree. It noted the Government’s indication that vocational training is provided upon the completion of secondary education that is completion of grade 10, during which time most children have reached the age of 17, or at least 16, which is in line with the Convention. The Committee requested the Government to provide information on the measures taken to ensure that children between 16 and 18 years of age, who are following courses in vocational schools and might perform hazardous work, receive specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity.

The Committee notes the Government’s information that with regard to the safety, health and moral well-being of young workers, an Occupational Health and Safety training manual is being implemented in cooperation with the Technical and Vocational Training Institutions (TVETs) to guide course curriculum and training methodology towards improving the working conditions of young workers in small and medium-sized enterprises.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2020, published 109th ILC session (2021)

The Committee takes note of the supplementary information provided by the Government in light of the decision adopted by the Governing Body at its 338th Session (June 2020). The Committee proceeded with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the supplementary information received from the Government this year as well as on the basis of the information at its disposal in 2019.

The Committee notes the observations of the International Organisation of Employers (IOE), and the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) received on 29 August 2019 and 1 September 2019, respectively. It also notes the detailed discussion which took place at the 108th Session of the Conference Committee on the Application of Standards (CAS) in June 2019, concerning the application by Ethiopia of the Convention.

Follow-up to the conclusions of the Committee on the Application of Standards (International Labour Conference, 108th Session, June 2019)

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy and application of the Convention in practice. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the various measures taken by the Government to eliminate child labour, including the Ethiopians Fighting Against Child Exploitation (E-FACE) project; the Community Care Coalition whereby in-kind and cash support is used to prevent child labour; as well as the National Action Plan (NAP 2011–17) to prevent child labour exploitation. The Committee observed that according to the 2015 Child Labour Survey results, the number of children aged 5–13 years engaged in child labour was estimated to be 13,139,991 (page 63) with 41.7 per cent aged between 5 and 11 years (page xii).

The Committee notes the Government’s information in its 2019 report that within the framework of the NAP 2011–17 to eliminate child labour, several public awareness-raising programmes were conducted on child labour through conversation and media forums reaching about 1,170,904 people in child labour affected areas and 441 labour inspectors were provided with capacity-building training on prevention of child labour. The Committee also notes the Government’s indication that on an average, 39,000 inspections were carried out annually in different establishments with a focus on child labour. The Government also indicates that the grassroots community organizations known as Community Care Coalition have made significant contributions through mobilizing community resources to prevent vulnerable children from entering into child labour by supporting their families and providing shelter. Moreover, a comprehensive child labour policy has been issued in consultation with the social partners and relevant stakeholders to address child labour. The Committee further notes from the document on the E-FACE project that to date this project has impacted the lives of more than 18,000 children engaged in child labour allowing them to attend school and reducing the risk of dropout. 

The Committee further notes the Government’s information in its supplementary report that in December 2019, the Government launched the Alliance 8.7, the global partnership for eradicating forced labour, child labour and human trafficking around the world. In addition, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, child protection activities were provided to vulnerable children and a significant number of street children were protected from socio-economic hazards. Moreover, close monitoring and support of community-based protection activities for families and children in need have been set in place. While noting the measures taken by the Government, the Committee urges the Government to continue to take the necessary measures for the progressive elimination of child labour. It requests the Government to continue to provide specific information on the concrete measures taken in this regard as well as the results achieved. The Committee also requests the Government to provide detailed information on the manner in which the Convention is applied in practice, including, for example, statistical data on the employment of children and young persons, extracts from the reports of the inspection services, and information on the number and nature of violations detected and penalties applied involving children and young persons.

Article 2(1). Scope of application. The Committee previously noted that although section 89(2) of the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42 of 1993 prohibits the employment of persons under 14 years of age, the provisions of the Labour Law did not cover work performed outside an employment relationship. It noted the Government’s indication that the Constitution provides for the right of children to be protected from any forms of exploitative labour, without any discrimination, whether employed or self-employed, working in the formal or informal sector. The Committee noted that according to the 2015 Child Labour Survey results, 89.4 per cent of the children engaged in child labour worked in the agricultural, forestry and fishing sectors and in wholesale and retail trade sector. The majority of children performing economic activities were working as unpaid family workers (95.6 per cent) (page xii). Noting with concern the high number of children working in the informal economy, the Committee requested the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that all children under 14 years of age, particularly children working on their own account or in the informal economy, benefit from the protection laid down by the Convention.

The Committee notes that the Conference Committee, in its concluding observations, urged the Government to strengthen the capacity of the labour inspectorate and competent services, including human, material and technical resources and training, particularly in the informal economy. It also notes that the IOE, in its observations, commended the Government for taking the following steps to address the gaps in the Labour Law, such as: (i) extending the labour advisory services in the informal sector; and (ii) strengthening the labour inspectorate system in the country to make it accessible to all enterprises and workplaces.

The Committee notes the Government’s information in its 2019 report that measures are being taken to extend labour advisory services in the informal economy with the aim of protecting the rights of all workers, including young workers working without an employment relationship such as work on their own account or in the informal economy. The Government also indicates that efforts are being made to strengthen the labour inspectorate system in the country so as to ensure that such services are effectively accessible to all enterprises and workplaces.  The Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that all children under 14 years of age, particularly children working on their own account or in the informal economy, benefit from the protection laid down by the Convention. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to continue to take measures to strengthen the capacities and expand the reach of the labour inspectorate so that it can adequately monitor and detect cases of child labour, particularly involving children working in the informal economy, and on their own account. It requests the Government to provide information on any measures taken or progress made in this regard.

Article 2(3). Age of completion of compulsory schooling. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the Government’s indication that it had started the process of drafting legislation which aims at making primary education compulsory. It also noted that according to the Child Labour Survey of 2015, the school attendance rate was 61.3 per cent among children aged 5–17 years. Moreover, 2,830,842 children in the 5–17 years age group (7.6 per cent of the total number of children in the country), dropped out of school with the dropout rate higher among working children (10.9 per cent) than non-working children (4.1 per cent) and among working boys (11.6 per cent) than working girls (9.8 per cent) (pages 86 and 88). The Committee further noted that the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), in its 2015 concluding observations, expressed concern at: (i) the lack of national legislation on free and compulsory education; (ii) the persistent regional disparities in enrolment rates and the high number of school-aged children, particularly girls, who remained out of school; as well as (iii) the high dropout rates and the significant low enrolment rates in pre-primary education and secondary education (CRC/C/ETH/CO/4-5, paragraph 61).

The Committee notes the statement made by the Government representative of Ethiopia to the Conference Committee that the School Feeding Programme supplemented by specific interventions have significantly improved inclusiveness, participation and achievements in education. The Government representative also stated that a rural–urban Productive Safety Net Programme to improve the income of targeted poor households in the rural and urban areas and the Ethiopian Education Development Roadmap, 2018–2030 to address the gap in access to quality education has been developed. Moreover, Alternative Basic Education modalities are being implemented, such as mobile schools for children of pastoral and semi-pastoral communities. It notes that the Conference Committee, in its conclusions, urged the Government to introduce legislative measures to provide free and compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years and ensure its effective implementation as well as to improve the functioning of the educational system through measures to increase the school enrolment rates and decrease dropout rates.

The Committee notes the observations made by ITUC that there is a close link between compulsory education and the abolition of child labour and hence it is essential that Ethiopia introduce compulsory schooling at least up to the minimum age for admission to employment.

The Committee notes the Government’s information in its 2019 report that it is committed to achieving universal and quality primary education for all school-aged children. Accordingly, it is implementing the Education and Training Policy and the Education Sector Development Programme (ESD) (2016–20) which has led to the achievement of the following results: (i) the number of primary schools has increased from 33,373 in 2014–15 to 36,466 in 2017–18; (ii) the net enrolment rate has increased from 94.3 per cent in 2014–15 to nearly 100 per cent in 2017–18 with a gender parity index of 0.9 per cent; and (iii) the school dropout rates have decreased from 18 per cent in 2008–09 to 9 per cent in 2013–14. The Government further indicates that the Urban Productive Safety Net Programme which has the objective of providing access to basic nutrition through the school feeding programme to over 300,000 marginalized school children is being implemented in selected urban areas.

The Committee notes, from the UNICEF Annual Report 2018 that while the enrolment rate in primary education has improved (which has tripled from 2000 to 2016), the transition from primary to secondary education remains a bottleneck, with children in rural areas predisposed to dropping out of school and only 25 per cent of secondary school-aged girls attending secondary school. Furthermore, according to the UNICEF report entitled Multidimensional Child Deprivation in Ethiopia, National Estimates, 2018, 50 per cent of children aged 5–17 years were deprived of education in 2016. The proportion of children in rural areas aged 7–17 years who are not attending school is more than double that of children residing in urban areas. The Committee finally notes that the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in its concluding observations of March 2019 remained concerned that primary education is still not compulsory and at the high dropout and low completion rates of girls at the primary level (CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/8, paragraph 33(a)). Recalling that compulsory education is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, the Committee once again urges the Government to take the necessary steps to make education compulsory up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years in accordance with Article 2(3) of the Convention. While noting the measures taken by the Government, the Committee strongly encourages the Government to pursue its efforts to increase school enrolment rates, decrease dropout rates and ensure completion of compulsory education with a view to preventing children under 14 years of age from being engaged in child labour.

Article 3. Determination of hazardous work. The Committee previously noted that the Decree of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers which contained a detailed list of types of hazardous work was undergoing revision. The Committee observed that, according to the Child Labour Survey, the rate of hazardous work among children aged 5–17 years was 23.3 per cent (28 per cent for boys versus 18.2 per cent for girls). The average hours of work per week performed by children engaged in hazardous work in this age group was 41.4 hours with 50 per cent of them working more than 42 hours per week. The Committee also noted that among children engaged in hazardous work, 87.5 per cent work in the agricultural sector, and 66.2 per cent are involved in other hazardous working conditions such as night work, working in an unhealthy environment or using unsafe equipment at work (page xiii). The Committee urged the Government to strengthen its efforts to ensure that, in practice, children under 18 years of age were not engaged in hazardous work. It also requested the Government to indicate whether a new list of types of hazardous work was adopted and to supply a copy.

The Committee notes the Government’s information in its 2019 report that the list of activities prohibited to young persons has been revised in consultation with social partners and a directive has been issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs in 2013 in this regard. It notes the unofficial translated copy of the directive provided by the Government which contains a list of 16 activities which are harmful to the health, safety and well-being of young workers and therefore prohibited. This list includes: work in transport of passengers and goods by road, railway, air and waterways; works related to handling of heavy material; fishing at sea; underground work at mines and quarries; works connected with electric power generation plants or transmission lines; work at elevation in construction; work on production of alcoholic drinks and drugs; work in extremely hot and cold conditions; work exposed to ionizing and non-ionizing, x-rays and ultraviolet rays; work with flammable and explosive materials; work with toxic chemicals and pesticides; and all works that will have adverse effects on the physical and psychological development of young persons. The list also provides the maximum weight limits that could be carried by young persons.  The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the application in practice of the revised list under the directive of 2013, particularly for hazardous work in agriculture, including statistics on the number and nature of violations reported and penalties imposed. The Committee reminds the Government that it may avail itself of technical assistance from the ILO with respect to the issues raised in its present comment.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government, which reiterates the content of its previous request adopted in 2019.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

Article 2(2) of the Convention. Raising the minimum age for admission to employment or work. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the revised Labour Law raises the minimum working age limit of young persons from 14 to 15 years. The Committee welcomes this information and expresses the hope that the Government will take the necessary measures to raise the minimum age for admission to employment or work from 14 years (initially specified) to 15 years. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to consider, after the adoption of the Labour Law raising the minimum age to 15 years, the possibility of sending a new declaration under Article 2(2) of the Convention thereby notifying the Director-General of the ILO that it has raised the minimum age that it had previously specified.

Article 3. Hazardous work and vocational education. The Committee previously noted that section 4(1) of the Decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers contains a detailed list of types of hazardous work and a general prohibition of all other kinds of work likely to jeopardize the young worker’s morals or physical condition or health. The Committee observed that, according to section 4(2) of the Decree, the prohibition set out in section 4(1) does not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. Finally, the Committee noted that while the above-mentioned Decree of 1997 had been amended, young persons under the age of 18 years who carry out work in the course of professional education in vocational schools remain outside the scope of the Decree. It noted the Government’s indication that vocational training is provided upon the completion of secondary education that is completion of grade 10, during which time most children have reached the age of 17, or at least 16, which is in line with the Convention. The Committee requested the Government to provide information on the measures taken to ensure that children between 16 and 18 years of age, who are following courses in vocational schools and might perform hazardous work, receive specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity.

The Committee notes the Government’s information that with regard to the safety, health and moral well-being of young workers, an Occupational Health and Safety training manual is being implemented in cooperation with the Technical and Vocational Training Institutions (TVETs) to guide course curriculum and training methodology towards improving the working conditions of young workers in small and medium-sized enterprises.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

The Committee notes the observations of the International Organisation of Employers (IOE), and the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) received on 29 August 2019 and 1 September 2019, respectively. It also notes the detailed discussion which took place at the 108th Session of the Conference Committee on the Application of Standards (CAS) in June 2019, concerning the application by Ethiopia of the Convention.

Follow-up to the conclusions of the Committee on the Application of Standards (International Labour Conference, 108th Session, June 2019)

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy and application of the Convention in practice. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the various measures taken by the Government to eliminate child labour, including the Ethiopians Fighting Against Child Exploitation (E-FACE) project; the Community Care Coalition whereby in-kind and cash support is used to prevent child labour; as well as the National Action Plan (NAP 2011–17) to prevent child labour exploitation. The Committee observed that according to the 2015 Child Labour Survey results, the number of children aged 5–13 years engaged in child labour was estimated to be 13,139,991 (page 63) with 41.7 per cent aged between 5 and 11 years (page xii).

The Committee notes the Government’s information in its report that within the framework of the NAP 2011–17 to eliminate child labour, several public awareness-raising programmes were conducted on child labour through conversation and media forums reaching about 1,170,904 people in child labour affected areas and 441 labour inspectors were provided with capacity-building training on prevention of child labour. The Committee also notes the Government’s indication that on an average, 39,000 inspections were carried out annually in different establishments with a focus on child labour. The Government also indicates that the grassroots community organizations known as Community Care Coalition have made significant contributions through mobilizing community resources to prevent vulnerable children from entering into child labour by supporting their families and providing shelter. Moreover, a comprehensive child labour policy has been issued in consultation with the social partners and relevant stakeholders to address child labour. The Committee further notes from the document on the E-FACE project that to date this project has impacted the lives of more than 18,000 children engaged in child labour allowing them to attend school and reducing the risk of dropout. While noting the measures taken by the Government, the Committee urges the Government to continue to take the necessary measures for the progressive elimination of child labour. It requests the Government to continue to provide specific information on the concrete measures taken in this regard as well as the results achieved. The Committee also requests the Government to provide detailed information on the manner in which the Convention is applied in practice, including, for example, statistical data on the employment of children and young persons, extracts from the reports of the inspection services, and information on the number and nature of violations detected and penalties applied involving children and young persons.

Article 2(1). Scope of application. The Committee previously noted that although section 89(2) of the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42 of 1993 prohibits the employment of persons under 14 years of age, the provisions of the Labour Law did not cover work performed outside an employment relationship. It noted the Government’s indication that the Constitution provides for the right of children to be protected from any forms of exploitative labour, without any discrimination, whether employed or self-employed, working in the formal or informal sector. The Committee noted that according to the 2015 Child Labour Survey results, 89.4 per cent of the children engaged in child labour worked in the agricultural, forestry and fishing sectors and in wholesale and retail trade sector. The majority of children performing economic activities were working as unpaid family workers (95.6 per cent) (page xii). Noting with concern the high number of children working in the informal economy, the Committee requested the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that all children under 14 years of age, particularly children working on their own account or in the informal economy, benefit from the protection laid down by the Convention.

The Committee notes that the Conference Committee, in its concluding observations, urged the Government to strengthen the capacity of the labour inspectorate and competent services, including human, material and technical resources and training, particularly in the informal economy. It also notes that the IOE, in its observations, commended the Government for taking the following steps to address the gaps in the Labour Law, such as: (i) extending the labour advisory services in the informal sector; and (ii) strengthening the labour inspectorate system in the country to make it accessible to all enterprises and workplaces.

The Committee notes the Government’s information that measures are being taken to extend labour advisory services in the informal economy with the aim of protecting the rights of all workers, including young workers working without an employment relationship such as work on their own account or in the informal economy. The Government also indicates that efforts are being made to strengthen the labour inspectorate system in the country so as to ensure that such services are effectively accessible to all enterprises and workplaces. The Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that all children under 14 years of age, particularly children working on their own account or in the informal economy, benefit from the protection laid down by the Convention. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to continue to take measures to strengthen the capacities and expand the reach of the labour inspectorate so that it can adequately monitor and detect cases of child labour, particularly involving children working in the informal economy, and on their own account. It requests the Government to provide information on any measures taken or progress made in this regard.

Article 2(3). Age of completion of compulsory schooling. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the Government’s indication that it had started the process of drafting legislation which aims at making primary education compulsory. It also noted that according to the Child Labour Survey of 2015, the school attendance rate was 61.3 per cent among children aged 5–17 years. Moreover, 2,830,842 children in the 5–17 years age group (7.6 per cent of the total number of children in the country), dropped out of school with the dropout rate higher among working children (10.9 per cent) than non-working children (4.1 per cent) and among working boys (11.6 per cent) than working girls (9.8 per cent) (pages 86 and 88). The Committee further noted that the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), in its 2015 concluding observations, expressed concern at: (i) the lack of national legislation on free and compulsory education; (ii) the persistent regional disparities in enrolment rates and the high number of school-aged children, particularly girls, who remained out of school; as well as (iii) the high dropout rates and the significant low enrolment rates in pre-primary education and secondary education (CRC/C/ETH/CO/4-5, paragraph 61).

The Committee notes the statement made by the Government representative of Ethiopia to the Conference Committee that the School Feeding Programme supplemented by specific interventions have significantly improved inclusiveness, participation and achievements in education. The Government representative also stated that a rural–urban Productive Safety Net Programme to improve the income of targeted poor households in the rural and urban areas and the Ethiopian Education Development Roadmap, 2018–2030 to address the gap in access to quality education has been developed. Moreover, Alternative Basic Education modalities are being implemented, such as mobile schools for children of pastoral and semi-pastoral communities. It notes that the Conference Committee, in its conclusions, urged the Government to introduce legislative measures to provide free and compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years and ensure its effective implementation as well as to improve the functioning of the educational system through measures to increase the school enrolment rates and decrease dropout rates.

The Committee notes the observations made by ITUC that there is a close link between compulsory education and the abolition of child labour and hence it is essential that Ethiopia introduce compulsory schooling at least up to the minimum age for admission to employment.

The Committee notes the Government’s information that it is committed to achieving universal and quality primary education for all school-aged children. Accordingly, it is implementing the Education and Training Policy and the Education Sector Development Programme (ESD) (2016–20) which has led to the achievement of the following results: (i) the number of primary schools has increased from 33,373 in 2014–15 to 36,466 in 2017–18; (ii) the net enrolment rate has increased from 94.3 per cent in 2014–15 to nearly 100 per cent in 2017–18 with a gender parity index of 0.9 per cent; and (iii) the school dropout rates have decreased from 18 per cent in 2008–09 to 9 per cent in 2013–14. The Committee notes, from the UNICEF Annual Report 2018 that while the enrolment rate in primary education has improved (which has tripled from 2000 to 2016), the transition from primary to secondary education remains a bottleneck, with children in rural areas predisposed to dropping out of school and only 25 per cent of secondary school-aged girls attending secondary school. Furthermore, according to the UNICEF report entitled Multidimensional Child Deprivation in Ethiopia, National Estimates, 2018, 50 per cent of children aged 5–17 years were deprived of education in 2016. The proportion of children in rural areas aged 7–17 years who are not attending school is more than double that of children residing in urban areas. The Committee finally notes that the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in its concluding observations of March 2019 remained concerned that primary education is still not compulsory and at the high dropout and low completion rates of girls at the primary level (CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/8, paragraph 33(a)). Recalling that compulsory education is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, the Committee once again urges the Government to take the necessary steps to make education compulsory up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years in accordance with Article 2(3) of the Convention. While noting the measures taken by the Government, the Committee strongly encourages the Government to pursue its efforts to increase school enrolment rates, decrease dropout rates and ensure completion of compulsory education with a view to preventing children under 14 years of age from being engaged in child labour.

Article 3. Determination of hazardous work. The Committee previously noted that the Decree of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers which contained a detailed list of types of hazardous work was undergoing revision. The Committee observed that, according to the Child Labour Survey, the rate of hazardous work among children aged 5–17 years was 23.3 per cent (28 per cent for boys versus 18.2 per cent for girls). The average hours of work per week performed by children engaged in hazardous work in this age group was 41.4 hours with 50 per cent of them working more than 42 hours per week. The Committee also noted that among children engaged in hazardous work, 87.5 per cent work in the agricultural sector, and 66.2 per cent are involved in other hazardous working conditions such as night work, working in an unhealthy environment or using unsafe equipment at work (page xiii). The Committee urged the Government to strengthen its efforts to ensure that, in practice, children under 18 years of age were not engaged in hazardous work. It also requested the Government to indicate whether a new list of types of hazardous work was adopted and to supply a copy.

The Committee notes the Government’s information that the list of activities prohibited to young persons has been revised in consultation with social partners and a directive has been issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs in 2013 in this regard. It notes the unofficial translated copy of the directive provided by the Government which contains a list of 16 activities which are harmful to the health, safety and well-being of young workers and therefore prohibited. This list includes: work in transport of passengers and goods by road, railway, air and waterways; works related to handling of heavy material; fishing at sea; underground work at mines and quarries; works connected with electric power generation plants or transmission lines; work at elevation in construction; work on production of alcoholic drinks and drugs; work in extremely hot and cold conditions; work exposed to ionizing and non-ionizing, x-rays and ultraviolet rays; work with flammable and explosive materials; work with toxic chemicals and pesticides; and all works that will have adverse effects on the physical and psychological development of young persons. The list also provides the maximum weight limits that could be carried by young persons. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the application in practice of the revised list under the directive of 2013, particularly for hazardous work in agriculture, including statistics on the number and nature of violations reported and penalties imposed. The Committee reminds the Government that it may avail itself of technical assistance from the ILO with respect to the issues raised in its present comment.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2018, published 108th ILC session (2019)

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy and application of the Convention in practice. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the Government’s participation in the project entitled “Ethiopians Fighting Against Child Exploitation” (2011–15) (E-FACE), which aims to work with local government agencies (among others) to combat child labour, particularly by strengthening educational services aimed at sustainably reducing the number of children aged 5–17 years engaged in and at risk of child labour in target sectors and areas. It also noted the adoption of a National Action Plan (2011–17) to prevent child labour exploitation, and requested the Government to provide information in this regard.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the E-FACE project has finalized its operation and its best practice is now followed by a community-based practice where the community has established a grain bank support system that is provided for the vulnerable people in the community, including children. The Government also indicates that the Community Care Coalition is also another initiative at the community level whereby in-kind and cash support is used to prevent child labour. The Committee observes that according to the 2015 Child Labour Survey results, 51 per cent of children aged 5–17 years are engaged in economic activities. Boys were more involved in economic activities than girls, especially in the rural areas where respectively 67.8 per cent and 46.5 per cent were working. The proportion of children who participated in economic activities among the 14–17 years age group was 65.4 per cent, while that of the 5–11 years age group was 41.7 per cent (page xii). The Committee also notes that the major components of the National Action Plan (2011–17) include: (i) protecting children against exploitation, abuse and violence; (ii) providing assistance to children in especially difficult situations; and (iii) reducing child labour. The Survey also refers to the Education and Training Policy that provides for non-formal education targeting out-of-school children and the establishment of community skills training centres in rural communities. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the results achieved to ensure the effective abolition of child labour, within the framework of the National Action Plan (2011–17) as well as the Education and Training Policy. The Committee also requests that the Government provide detailed information on the manner in which the Convention is applied in practice, including, for example, statistical data on the employment of children and young persons, extracts from the reports of the inspection services, and information on the number and nature of violations detected and penalties applied involving children and young persons.

Article 3. Hazardous work and vocational education. The Committee previously noted that section 4(1) of the Decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers contains a detailed list of types of hazardous work and a general prohibition of all other kinds of work likely to jeopardize the young worker’s morals or physical condition/health. The Committee observed that, according to section 4(2) of the Decree, the prohibition set out in section 4(1) does not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. Finally, the Committee noted that while the abovementioned Decree of 1997 had been amended, young persons under the age of 18 years who carry out work in the course of professional education in vocational schools remain outside the scope of the Decree.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that vocational training is provided upon the completion of secondary education, that is completion of grade 10, during which time most children have reached the age of 17, or at least 16, which is in line with the Convention. According to the Government, in practice, there is no evidence of involvement of children in hazardous types of work and most training centres are government-owned that follow strict supervision and guidance of the trainees and there is a constant supervision by the Government on the activities of privately-owned centres, even though it is not clearly mentioned in the directive that the children are being protected in practice. The Committee reminds the Government that the exception outlined in Article 3(3) of the Convention provides that national laws or regulations may authorize hazardous work for young persons over the age of 16 (following consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned) provided that their health, safety and morals are fully protected and that they have received adequate specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on the measures taken to ensure that children between 16 and 18 years of age, who are following courses in vocational schools and might perform hazardous work, receive specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity.

[The Government is asked to supply full particulars to the Conference at its 108th Session and to reply in full to the present comments in 2019.]

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2018, published 108th ILC session (2019)

Article 2(1) of the Convention. Scope of application and application in practice. The Committee previously noted that although section 89(2) of the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42 of 1993 prohibits the employment of persons under 14 years of age, the provisions of the Labour Law did not cover work performed outside an employment relationship.

The Committee notes the Government’s reference in its report to the Constitution that provides for Ethiopian children without any discrimination, whether employed or self-employed, working in the formal or informal sector, the right to be protected from any forms of exploitative labour. The Government also indicates that a labour inspection manual has been prepared in the local working language and incorporates guidelines for inspectors on how to detect and protect children from child labour both in the formal and informal sectors.

The Committee notes that with the technical assistance of the ILO, the 2015 Child Labour Survey was published in 2018. According to the Child Labour Survey results, the number of children aged 5–13 engaged in child labour is estimated to be 13,139,991 (page 63). The Committee also notes that most of the working children (89.4 per cent) are engaged in the agricultural, forestry and fishing sectors, with a higher participation of the youngest children. The rural areas account for 93 per cent of working children in this sector while the urban areas account for 39.6 per cent. The wholesale and retail trade is the second most important sector where children are involved in work. The majority of children performing economic activities were working as unpaid family workers (95.6 per cent) (page xii). The Committee notes with concern the high number of working children in the informal economy. It reminds the Government that the Convention applies to all sectors of economic activity and covers all forms of employment and work, whether or not there is a contractual employment relationship, including own-account work. The Committee therefore requests that the Government take the necessary measures to ensure that all children under 14 years of age, particularly children working outside an employment relationship such as children working on their own account or in the informal economy, benefit from the protection laid down by the Convention. In this regard, the Committee encourages the Government to review the relevant provisions of the Labour Law in order to address these gaps as well as to take measures to strengthen the capacity and expand the reach of the labour inspectorate to the informal economy with a view to ensuring such protection in this sector.

Article 2(3). Age of completion of compulsory schooling. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that primary education in Ethiopia was neither free nor compulsory, and that net enrolment remained very low. The Committee also noted that UNICEF statistics indicated that while the net attendance for primary school was 64.3 per cent for boys and 65.5 per cent for girls, it was only 15.7 per cent for boys and 15.6 per cent for girls in secondary school. The Committee urged the Government to take the necessary measures to provide for compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that it has started the process of drafting legislation which aims at making primary education compulsory. The Committee notes that according to the Child Labour Survey, the school attendance rate is 61.3 per cent among children aged 5–17 years (page xi). Children who are attending school are working about 28 hours per week, while those who are only working for 37.6 hours. Moreover, 2,830,842 children in the 5–17 years age group (7.6 per cent of the total number of children in the country), dropped out of school. The Committee notes that the drop-out rate is higher among working children (10.9 per cent) than non-working children (4.1 per cent). Working boys are more likely to drop out of school than working girls (11.6 per cent versus 9.8 per cent) (pages 86 and 88).

The Committee further notes that, in its 2015 concluding observations, the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was concerned about a certain number of issues, including: (i) the lack of national legislation on free and compulsory education; (ii) the persistent regional disparities in enrolment rates and the high number of school-aged children, particularly girls, who remain out of school; as well as (iii) the high drop-out rates, the significant low enrolment rates in pre-primary education and secondary education (CRC/C/ETH/CO/4-5 paragraph 61). Considering that compulsory education is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, the Committee urges the Government to take the necessary measures to provide for compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years. It also requests the Government to intensify its efforts to increase school enrolment rates and decrease drop-out rates at the primary level with a view to preventing children under 14 years of age from being engaged in work.

Article 3. Minimum age for admission to, and determination of hazardous work and application in practice. The Committee previously noted the Decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers which, under section 4(1), contains a detailed list of types of hazardous work and a general prohibition of all other kinds of work likely to jeopardize the young worker’s morals or physical condition/health. The Committee also noted the Government’s indication in its report under the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), that it was revising its hazardous work list.

The Committee observes that, according to the Child Labour Survey, the rate of hazardous work among children aged 5–17 years is 23.3 per cent (28 per cent for boys versus 18.2 per cent of girls) and in urban areas it was 9.2 per cent as compared to 26.4 per cent in rural areas. Moreover, the average hours of work per week performed by children engaged in hazardous work in the age group 5–17 years was 41.4 hours. In addition, 50 per cent of them are working more than 42 hours per week. The youngest children aged 5–11 years are relatively more involved in working long hours than any other age category (53.3 per cent). The Committee also notes that among children engaged in hazardous work, 87.5 per cent work in the agricultural sector, and 66.2 per cent are involved in other hazardous working conditions such as night work, working in an unhealthy environment or using unsafe equipment at work (page xiii).

The Committee notes with deep concern that a significant number of children under 18 years of age are engaged in hazardous work. The Committee therefore urges the Government to strengthen its efforts to ensure that, in practice, children under 18 years of age are not engaged in hazardous work in either urban and rural areas. The Committee also requests the Government to provide information in this regard. The Committee further requests the Government to indicate whether a new list of types of hazardous work was adopted and to supply a copy.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

[The Government is asked to supply full particulars to the Conference at its 108th Session and to reply in full to the present comments in 2019.]

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2014, published 104th ILC session (2015)

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy and application of the Convention in practice. Further to its previous comments, the Committee notes that, according to the Government’s fifth and sixth periodic country report (2009–13) on the implementation of the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, in April 2014 (page 92), the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs has adopted and implemented a National Action Plan (2011–17) to prevent child labour exploitation. The Committee also notes the Government’s participation in the project entitled “Ethiopians Fighting Against Child Exploitation” (2011–15) (E-FACE), which aims to work with local government agencies (among others) to combat child labour, particularly by strengthening educational services aimed at sustainably reducing the number of children aged five to 17 years engaged in and at risk of child labour in target sectors and areas. The Committee notes, in this respect, that the E-FACE project targets 20,000 children (6,835 children at risk and 13,165 children engaged in child labour) and 7,000 households. Finally, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that it is in the process of conducting a national child labour survey in 2015 with ILO–IPEC assistance. The Committee requests the Government to continue to take measures to combat child labour, including within the framework of the National Action Plan (2011–17) and the E-FACE project, and to provide information on the results achieved in this regard. It also requests the Government to transmit the results of the 2015 child labour survey once they become available.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2014, published 104th ILC session (2015)

Article 2(1) of the Convention. Scope of application and application in practice. The Committee previously noted that section 89(2) of the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42 of 1993 prohibits the employment of persons under 14 years of age. The Committee observed, however, that the provisions of the Labour Law did not cover work performed outside an employment relationship, and recalled that the Convention applies to all branches of economic activity and covers all types of employment or work, whether under a labour relationship or contract of employment or not, and whether it is remunerated or not. The Committee further noted that 15.5 million children (84.5 per cent of the child population) were engaged in economic activities, and 12.6 million of those children (81.2 per cent) were under the age of 15. Finally, in its comment under the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), the Committee noted that only 2.14 per cent of working children in Ethiopia are in formal labour relationships.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that, although the Labour Law still does not include self-employed children or children working in agriculture and the urban informal economy, “other legal provisions” guarantee the right of protection for those children from being exploited and engaged in harmful work. The Committee also notes the Government’s participation in the project entitled “Ethiopians Fighting Against Child Exploitation” (2011–15) (E FACE), which aims to combat the engagement of children aged five to 17 years in hazardous sectors and areas. The Committee notes that, according to the Interim Evaluation of the E-FACE (page 45), the Government’s labour inspectorate has undertaken capacity strengthening training on child labour. In this regard, the Committee recalls the 2012 General Survey on the fundamental Conventions (paragraphs 407 and 408), which highlights that the inability of the labour inspectorate to monitor specific areas is particularly problematic when child labour is concentrated in sectors outside the coverage of the labour inspectorate. In such cases, the Committee emphasizes the importance of ensuring that the labour inspection system effectively monitors working children in all areas and sectors, including in informal sectors. The Committee accordingly requests the Government to strengthen its efforts to adapt and strengthen the labour inspectorate services so as to improve the inspectors’ capacity to identify instances of child labour in the informal economy and to guarantee the protection afforded by the Convention to children under 14 years of age who are self-employed or working in agriculture or the urban informal economy. It also requests the Government to identify its legislative provisions, to which it refers in its report, which provide guarantees that children working on their own account and in those sectors mentioned above benefit from the protection of the Convention.

Article 2(3). Age of completion of compulsory schooling. The Committee recalls its previous comments, which noted that primary education in Ethiopia was neither free nor compulsory, and that net enrolment remained very low. The Committee notes the Government’s information, in this respect, concerning its measures to increase funding and resources for primary schools. It also notes the Government’s indication that the net enrollment for primary education has increased from 82.2 per cent in 2008–09 to 95.5 per cent in 2012–13.

The Committee also notes that one of the objectives of the E-FACE project is to strengthen educational services in order to sustainably reduce the number of children aged five to 17 years engaged in and at risk of child labour. The Committee notes that, according to the Interim Evaluation of the project, the attendance of children in early childhood care and education programme (ECCE) remains very low, at an average five per cent, as compared to the sub-Saharan average of 18 per cent.

While taking due note of the Government’s efforts to strengthen the functioning of the education system, the Committee notes with regret that there remain a significant number of children under the minimum age who are not attending, or who have dropped out of school. The Committee notes, in this respect, the 2012 UNICEF statistics which indicate that while the net attendance for primary school was 64.3 per cent for boys and 65.5 per cent for girls, it was only 15.7 per cent for boys and 15.6 per cent for girls in secondary school. Recalling that compulsory schooling is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, the Committee urges the Government to take the necessary measures, including within the framework of the E-FACE programme, to provide for compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on any developments in this regard.

Article 3. Minimum age for admission to, and determination of hazardous work. Vocational education. The Committee previously noted the decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers which, under section 4(1), contains a detailed list of types of hazardous work and a general prohibition of all other kinds of work likely to jeopardize the young worker’s morals or physical condition/health. The Committee observed that, according to section 4(2) of the decree, the prohibition set out in section 4(1) does not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. Finally, the Committee noted the Government’s statement that it planned to consult with its social partners and other stakeholders to review the directive concerning the prohibition of work for young workers.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 has been amended. It notes with regret, however, the Government’s indication that young persons under the age of 18 years who carry out work in the course of professional education in vocational schools remain outside the scope of the directive. The Government indicates, instead, that training institutions are the responsible entities for putting in place the necessary care and precautions to safeguard the health and well-being of trainees.

The Committee draws the Government’s attention, once again, to Article 3(1) of the Convention, which states that the minimum age of admission to hazardous work shall not be less than 18 years. Additionally, the Committee reminds the Government that the exception outlined in Article 3(3) of the Convention provides that national laws or regulations may authorize hazardous work for young persons over the age of 16 (following consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned) provided that their health, safety and morals are fully protected and that they have received adequate specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity. It also notes, in this respect, the Government’s indication in its report under Convention No. 182 that it is revising its hazardous work list. The Committee urges the Government to take the necessary measures, including within the framework of its legislative revision process, to implement Article 3(1) of the Convention by prohibiting young persons under 18 years of age who are following courses in vocational schools (or under 16 years under the specific conditions set forth in Article 3(3)) from carrying out hazardous work. The Committee requests the Government to transmit a copy of this new hazardous work list once it is adopted.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2011, published 101st ILC session (2012)

Article 1 of the Convention and Part V of the report form. National policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour and practical application of the Convention. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the data from the 2001 National Child Labour Survey indicating that 15.5 million children (84.5 per cent of the child population) were engaged in economic activities, and 12.6 million of these children (81.2 per cent) were under the age of 15. The Committee also noted the information in National Labour Force Survey of 2004–05 (NLFS) that 46.4 per cent of boys and 35 per cent of girls in rural areas, between the ages of 5 and 14, did not attend school and were engaged only in economic activity. The Committee further noted that the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), in its concluding observations of 1 November 2006, expressed deep concern at the prevalence of child labour among young children including those as young as five (CRC/C/ETH/CO/3, paragraph 71). Nonetheless, the Committee noted that one of the six main components of the Government’s “National Plan of Action for Children 2003–10 and beyond” (NPA for Children) was to reduce child labour.

The Committee notes the information in the Government’s report that, pursuant to the NPA for Children, a draft “National Plan of Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour 2010–14” (NPA on WFCL) was prepared. The Government indicates that procedures, protocols and guidelines were developed to ensure the practical applicability of the NPA on WFCL, and that this has been tested through a pilot project. The Government states that these two NPA’s provide a framework to give effect to the provisions of the Convention. The Committee also notes the Government’s indication that the celebration of both Children’s Day and the World Day against Child Labour served to raise awareness on child labour issues. The Committee further notes the Government’s statement that, as the number of children attending school (both in rural and urban areas) is increasing, the likelihood of children under 14 being engaged in economic activities is decreasing. The Government also states that it is implementing the Convention to the extent that its capacity permits. Lastly, the Committee notes the information in the ILO Decent Work Country Programme for Ethiopia (2009–12) that this Programme includes technical support for the drafting of sectoral child labour action plans as part of ongoing technical cooperation programmes, in addition to providing support to the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs and social partners to develop a national child labour policy. While noting the constraints faced by the Government, the Committee urges the Government to strengthen its efforts to combat child labour through the effective implementation of the NPA on Children and the NPA on WFCL. In this regard, the Committee requests the Government to provide information on the concrete measures taken within the framework of these two NPA’s, to ensure that, in practice, children under the minimum age of 14 do not work. It requests the Government to provide information on the results achieved, particularly with regard to reducing the number of working children under the minimum age.

Article 2(1). Scope of application. The Committee previously observed that the provisions of Labour Proclamation No. 377/2003 do not cover work performed outside of an employment relationship. It also noted the information from the NLFS that approximately 1.57 per cent of economically active children (approximately 139,404 children between the ages of 5 and 14) were self-employed. The Committee further noted the Government’s acknowledgement that the labour legislation did not cover children who work on their own account, but that measures would be taken in this regard.

The Committee notes the Government’s statement that the various social measures it has taken which target children are meant to contribute towards the reduction of children engaged in work on a self-employed basis. The Government indicates that, in addition to the NPA on Children, it is implementing an Orphan and Vulnerable Children Programme, a poverty reduction programme and that it is providing educational, health and sanitation services. The Committee also notes the Government’s statement that it is committed to improving the lives of children, including those working on their own account, and that ILO support is important in this regard. While taking due note of this information, the Committee observes the information in the Decent Work Country Programme (2009–12) that the majority of working children work in agriculture and in various sectors of the urban informal economy. The Committee also notes the information from the NLFS, that only 2.14 per cent of working children are in formal labour relationships. In this regard, the Committee once again recalls that the Convention applies to all branches of economic activity and that it covers all types of employment or work, whether under a labour relationship or not, and whether it is remunerated or not. It therefore requests the Government to strengthen its efforts to ensure that children working on their own account, in agriculture and in the urban informal economy benefit from the protection of the Convention. It requests the Government to continue to provide information on the measures taken in this regard.

Article 2(3). Age of completion of compulsory schooling. The Committee previously noted that the CRC, in its 1 November 2006 concluding observations, expressed serious concern that primary education in Ethiopia was neither free nor compulsory, and that net enrolment remained very low (CRC/C/ETH/CO/3, paragraph 63). The Committee also noted that, according to the NLFS, 36.3 per cent of children between the ages of 5 and 14 engaged only in economic activity and did not attend school. However, the Committee also noted the Government’s indication that primary school drop-out rates had been reduced and that there had been an increase in enrolment rates at the primary and secondary levels.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that it has given priority to improving the education system, and has increased the funding to this sector from 16.7 per cent of its total budgetary allocation (in 2004–05) to 22.8 per cent (in 2008–09). The Government also indicates that it has significantly increased the number of schools at the primary and secondary levels between 2003 and 2009, in addition to reducing the primary pupil-to-teacher ratio. The Government further indicates that the net enrolment rate for primary education has increased from 68.5 per cent (in 2004–05) to 83.4 per cent (in 2007–08). Moreover, the Committee notes the information from UNESCO’s Education for All Global Monitoring Report of 2011 that the total number of out-of-school children of primary school age has decreased significantly from 6,481,000 children in 1999 to 2,732,000 children in 2008. However, the Committee notes the Government’s statement that, while primary education is free of charge, the age of completion of compulsory schooling will be determined by the level of development in the country.

While taking due note of the Government’s efforts to strengthen the functioning of the education system, the Committee notes the Government’s indication that while education is free at the primary level, it is not compulsory. In this regard, the Committee observes that there remain a significant number of children under the minimum age who are not attending, or who have dropped out of school. Recalling that compulsory schooling is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, the Committee encourages the Government to take the necessary measures, within the framework of its efforts to strengthen the education system, to provide for compulsory education up to the minimum age of admission to employment of 14 years. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on any developments in this regard.

Article 3. Hazardous work. The Committee previously observed that the decree issued by the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers, (and containing a list of types of prohibited hazardous work) did not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. It also noted that, while section 89(4) of Labour Proclamation No. 377/2003 prohibits young workers (persons between 14 and 18 years) from engaging in work which endangers their life or health, section 89(5) thereof specifies that this prohibition does not apply to young workers following courses in vocational schools. The Committee therefore observed that workers between the ages of 14 and 18 were not prohibited from engaging in hazardous work while they were following courses in vocational schools.

The Committee notes the Government’s statement that it plans to consult with its social partners and other stakeholders to review the directive concerning the prohibition of work for young workers. In this regard, the Committee draws the Government’s attention to Article 3(1) of the Convention, which states that the minimum age of admission to hazardous work shall not be less than 18 years. Additionally, the Committee reminds the Government that the exception outlined in Article 3(3) of the Convention provides that national laws or regulations may authorize hazardous work for young persons over the age of 16 (following consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned) provided that their health, safety and morals are fully protected and that they have received adequate specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity. The Committee therefore urges the Government to consider Article 3(1) and (3) of the Convention during its upcoming review of the directive concerning the prohibition of work for young persons. It requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that the review of the directive results in a prohibition on young persons under 18 years of age who are following courses in vocational schools (or under 16 years under the specific conditions set forth in Article 3(3)) from carrying out hazardous work.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2010, published 100th ILC session (2011)

The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It must therefore repeat its previous observation which read as follows:

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the Government’s indication that a new “National Plan of Action for Children 2003–10 and beyond” (NPA) had been drafted in 2004. One of the six main components of the NPA is reducing child labour. The Committee requested the Government to provide more detailed information on the implementation of the NPA and on the results attained. The Committee noted the Government’s indication that, based on the priority areas identified by the NPA, it has begun to plan an awareness-raising programme concerning the problems associated with child labour, aimed at governmental and non-governmental bodies, although this programme has not yet been fully implemented. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on the implementation of the NPA, as well as results achieved in terms of the elimination of child labour.

Article 2(1). Scope of application. The Committee had previously observed that the provisions of the Labour Proclamation No. 377/2003 (Labour Proclamation) do not cover work performed outside an employment relationship. The Committee noted the Government’s acknowledgement that the labour legislation does not cover children who work on their own account, and that measures will be taken. The Committee noted the information in National Labour Force Survey of 2004–05 (NFLS), produced by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development), that approximately 1.57 per cent of economically active children (approximately 139,404 children between the ages of 5 and 14) are self employed. The Committee recalled that the Convention applies to all branches of economic activity and that it covers all types of employment or work, whether under a labour relationship or contract of employment or not, and whether it is remunerated or not. It therefore again requests the Government to provide information in their next report on measures taken or envisaged to ensure the application of the Convention to all types of work, including work carried out by persons under 14 years of age who work on their own account.

Article 2(3). Age of completion of compulsory schooling. The Committee noted the information in the Government’s National Report on the Development of Education submitted to the International Conference on Education in 2008, that the third five-year Education Sector Development Program was launched in 2005, with the goal of improving educational quality, relevance and efficiency and expanding access to education with special emphasis on primary education in rural areas and the promotion of education for girls, as a step to achieving universal primary education by 2015. The Committee further noted the data in the Government’s report submitted under the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), that indicated that between 2001 and 2006, drop-out rates for primary school fell from 17.2 per cent to 12.4 per cent. The Committee also noted the information in this report that, over this period, there has been an increase in enrolment at the primary, secondary and higher education levels, as well as for technical and vocational education and training.

Nonetheless, the Committee noted that the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), in its 1 November 2006 concluding observations, expressed serious concern that primary education in Ethiopia is still not free nor compulsory, and that net enrolment is still very low. While the CRC welcomed the improved enrolment rate in primary school, the increased budgetary allocation for education, and the improved collection of statistics regarding school attendance, it nevertheless expressed concern at the large number of school drop-out s, the charging of fees in primary education, the overcrowding of schools, the limited provisions for vocational training, the low transition rate to secondary school, the insufficient number of trained teachers and available school facilities, the absence of budgetary allocations for pre-primary schools and the poor quality of education (CRC/C/ETH/CO/3, paragraph 63). In addition, the Committee noted the information in the UNESCO report on school attendance and enrolment issued in 2007, that the net primary school enrolment rate in 2006 was 68.2 per cent, and that the secondary net enrolment rate was 32.1 per cent. Finally, the Committee noted the information in the NLFS that 36.3 per cent of children between the ages of 5 and 14 engage only in economic activity and do not attend school. The Committee is seriously concerned by the large numbers of children who, in practice, do not attend school, and in view of the fact that compulsory schooling is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, it urges the Government to take the necessary measures to set the age of completion of compulsory schooling at 14 years in the near future. The Committee also requests the Government to redouble its efforts to improve the functioning of the education system, in particular by increasing school enrolment and attendance rates among children in rural areas and among children under 14 years of age, so as to prevent the engagement of these children in child labour. Lastly, it requests the Government to provide information on the progress made in this regard.

Article 3. Hazardous work. The Committee previously observed that the section 4(1) of the decree issued by the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers, contained a list of types of hazardous work prohibited for young workers. The Committee also noted that, pursuant to section 4(2) of this decree, this prohibition did not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. The Committee further noted that the guidelines designed to facilitate the implementation of this decree are only available in Amharic. The Committee had asked the Government to specify what measures ensured that apprentices of 14 years of age and above do not engage in the hazardous work prohibited to young workers.

The Committee noted the information in the Government’s report that pursuant to section 3(2)(b) of the Labour Proclamation, apprenticeships are covered by the Labour Proclamation. Section 89(4) of the Labour Proclamation prohibits young workers (which, pursuant to section 89(1), is defined as a person who has attained the age of 14 years, but is not over the age of 18 years) from engaging in work which endangers their life or health. However, the Committee noted that pursuant to section 89(5) of the Labour Proclamation, young workers following courses in vocational schools (that are approved and inspected by the competent authority) are expressly excluded from the prohibition in section 89(4). It therefore appears that workers between the ages of 14 and 18 are not prohibited from engaging in hazardous work while they are following courses in vocational schools which have been approved and inspected by the competent authority. The Committee recalled that, under the terms of Article 3(1) of the Convention, the minimum age of admission to hazardous work shall not be less than 18 years. The Committee further recalled that the exception outlined in Article 3(3) of the Convention provides that national laws or regulations may authorize hazardous work for young persons over the age of 16 following consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned, provided that their health, safety and morals are fully protected and that they have received adequate specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity. The Committee therefore requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that young persons under 16 years of age following courses in vocational schools will be not be authorized to carry out hazardous work that is prohibited for young workers. The Committee further requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to ensure that the health, safety and morals of young persons engaged in vocational training aged 16 and 17 are fully protected, and to specify whether the employers’ and workers’ organizations have been consulted on the matter. Lastly, the Committee once again requests the Government to supply a copy of the guidelines of the abovementioned decree concerning the prohibition of work for young workers once they have been translated into one of the official languages of the ILO.

Part V of the report form. Practical application of the Convention. The Committee noted the data in the Government’s report from the 2001 National Child Labour Survey and the 2006 analysis of this data. The Committee noted that this survey indicated that 15.5 million children (84.5 per cent of the child population) were engaged in economic activities, and 12.6 million of these children (81.2 per cent) were under the age of 15. The Committee also noted the information in the NLFS that 46.4 per cent of boys in rural areas, between the ages of 5 and 14, do not attend school, and are engaged only in economic activity. The Committee noted that the CRC, in its concluding observations of 1 November 2006, expressed deep concern at the prevalence of child labour among young children including those as young as five and that the Government had not taken comprehensive measures to prevent and combat this large-scale economic exploitation of children (CRC/C/ETH/CO/3, paragraph 71). The Committee expressed its serious concern at the large percentage of children under the age of 14 who are engaged only in economic activity and do not attend school, particularly in rural areas. It therefore urges the Government to redouble its efforts to ensure that, in practice, children under the minimum age of 14 do not work. It strongly encourages the Government to take the necessary measures in the very near future to address this issue, including the allocation of additional resources to the child labour component of the NPA. The Committee asks the Government to provide detailed information on the implementation of measures taken in this regard.

The Committee hopes that the Government will make every effort to take the necessary action in the near future.

Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2009, published 99th ILC session (2010)

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the Government’s indication that a new “National Plan of Action for Children
2003–10 and beyond” (NPA) had been drafted in 2004. One of the six main components of the NPA is reducing child labour. The Committee requested the Government to provide more detailed information on the implementation of the NPA and on the results attained. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that, based on the priority areas identified by the NPA, it has begun to plan an awareness-raising programme concerning the problems associated with child labour, aimed at governmental and non-governmental bodies, although this programme has not yet been fully implemented. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on the implementation of the NPA, as well as results achieved in terms of the elimination of child labour.

Article 2, paragraph 1. Scope of application. The Committee had previously observed that the provisions of the Labour Proclamation No. 377/2003 (Labour Proclamation) do not cover work performed outside an employment relationship. The Committee notes the Government’s acknowledgement that the labour legislation does not cover children who work on their own account, and that measures will be taken. The Committee notes the information in National Labour Force Survey of 2004–05 (NFLS), produced by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development), that approximately 1.57 per cent of economically active children (approximately 139,404 children between the ages of 5 and 14) are self employed. The Committee recalls that the Convention applies to all branches of economic activity and that it covers all types of employment or work, whether under a labour relationship or contract of employment or not, and whether it is remunerated or not. It therefore again requests the Government to provide information in their next report on measures taken or envisaged to ensure the application of the Convention to all types of work, including work carried out by persons under 14 years of age who work on their own account.

Article 2, paragraph 3. Age of completion of compulsory schooling. The Committee notes the information in the Government’s National Report on the Development of Education submitted to the International Conference on Education in 2008, that the third five-year Education Sector Development Program was launched in 2005, with the goal of improving educational quality, relevance and efficiency and expanding access to education with special emphasis on primary education in rural areas and the promotion of education for girls, as a step to achieving universal primary education by 2015. The Committee further notes the data in the Government’s report submitted under the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), that indicates that between 2001 and 2006, drop-out rates for primary school fell from 17.2 per cent to 12.4 per cent. The Committee also notes the information in this report that, over this period, there has been an increase in enrolment at the primary, secondary and higher education levels, as well as for technical and vocational education and training.

Nonetheless, the Committee notes that the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), in its 1 November 2006 concluding observations, expressed serious concern that primary education in Ethiopia is still not free nor compulsory, and that net enrolment is still very low. While the CRC welcomed the improved enrolment rate in primary school, the increased budgetary allocation for education, and the improved collection of statistics regarding school attendance, it nevertheless expressed concern at the large number of school drop-out s, the charging of fees in primary education, the overcrowding of schools, the limited provisions for vocational training, the low transition rate to secondary school, the insufficient number of trained teachers and available school facilities, the absence of budgetary allocations for pre-primary schools and the poor quality of education (CRC/C/ETH/CO/3, paragraph 63). In addition, the Committee notes the information in the UNESCO report on school attendance and enrolment issued in 2007, that the net primary school enrolment rate in 2006 was 68.2 per cent, and that the secondary net enrolment rate was 32.1 per cent. Finally, the Committee notes the information in the NLFS that 36.3 per cent of children between the ages of 5 and 14 engage only in economic activity and do not attend school. The Committee is seriously concerned by the large numbers of children who, in practice, do not attend school, and in view of the fact that compulsory schooling is one of the most effective means of combating child labour, it urges the Government to take the necessary measures to set the age of completion of compulsory schooling at 14 years in the near future. The Committee also requests the Government to redouble its efforts to improve the functioning of the education system, in particular by increasing school enrolment and attendance rates among children in rural areas and among children under 14 years of age, so as to prevent the engagement of these children in child labour. Lastly, it requests the Government to provide information on the progress made in this regard.

Article 3. Hazardous Work. The Committee previously observed that the section 4(1) of the decree issued by the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers, contained a list of types of hazardous work prohibited for young workers. The Committee also noted that, pursuant to section 4(2) of this decree, this prohibition did not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. The Committee further noted that the guidelines designed to facilitate the implementation of this decree are only available in Amharic. The Committee had asked the Government to specify what measures ensured that apprentices of 14 years of age and above do not engage in the hazardous work prohibited to young workers.

The Committee notes the information in the Government’s report that pursuant to section 3(2)(b) of the Labour Proclamation, apprenticeships are covered by the Labour Proclamation. Section 89(4) of the Labour Proclamation prohibits young workers (which, pursuant to section 89(1), is defined as a person who has attained the age of 14 years, but is not over the age of 18 years) from engaging in work which endangers their life or health. However, the Committee notes that pursuant to section 89(5) of the Labour Proclamation, young workers following courses in vocational schools (that are approved and inspected by the competent authority) are expressly excluded from the prohibition in section 89(4). It therefore appears that workers between the ages of 14 and 18 are not prohibited from engaging in hazardous work while they are following courses in vocational schools which have been approved and inspected by the competent authority. The Committee recalls that, under the terms of Article 3(1) of the Convention, the minimum age of admission to hazardous work shall not be less than 18 years. The Committee further recalls that the exception outlined in Article 3(3) of the Convention provides that national laws or regulations may authorize hazardous work for young persons over the age of 16 following consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned, provided that their health, safety and morals are fully protected and that they have received adequate specific instruction or vocational training in the relevant branch of activity. The Committee therefore requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that young persons under 16 years of age following courses in vocational schools will be not be authorized to carry out hazardous work that is prohibited for young workers. The Committee further requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to ensure that the health, safety and morals of young persons engaged in vocational training aged 16 and 17 are fully protected, and to specify whether the employers’ and workers’ organizations have been consulted on the matter. Lastly, the Committee once again requests the Government to supply a copy of the guidelines of the abovementioned decree concerning the prohibition of work for young workers once they have been translated into one of the official languages of the ILO.

Part V of the report form. Practical application of the Convention. The Committee notes the data in the Government’s report from the 2001 National Child Labour Survey and the 2006 analysis of this data. The Committee notes that this survey indicates that 15.5 million children (84.5 per cent of the child population) were engaged in economic activities, and 12.6 million of these children (81.2 per cent) were under the age of 15. The Committee also notes the information in the NLFS that 46.4 per cent of boys in rural areas, between the ages of 5 and 14, do not attend school, and are engaged only in economic activity. The Committee notes that the CRC, in its concluding observations of 1 November 2006, expressed deep concern at the prevalence of child labour among young children including those as young as 5 and that the Government had not taken comprehensive measures to prevent and combat this large-scale economic exploitation of children (CRC/C/ETH/CO/3, paragraph 71). The Committee must express its serious concern at the large percentage of children under the age of 14 who are engaged only in economic activity and do not attend school, particularly in rural areas. It therefore urges the Government to redouble its efforts to ensure that, in practice, children under the minimum age of 14 do not work. It strongly encourages the Government to take the necessary measures in the very near future to address this issue, including the allocation of additional resources to the child labour component of the NPA. The Committee asks the Government to provide detailed information on the implementation of measures taken in this regard.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2008, published 98th ILC session (2009)

The Committee notes that the Government’s report contains no reply to its previous comments. It hopes that the next report will include full information on the matters raised in its previous direct request, which read as follows:

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour. In its previous comments, the Committee had noted the Government’s statement that there is no particular policy in Ethiopia designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour and to raise progressively the minimum age for admission to employment, but that there are different economic and social policies that have indirectly addressed the issue. The Committee once again asks the Government to provide information on these policies and the results attained, in particular the education and training policy, which is to achieve universal enrolment in primary school by 2015, specifying how they contribute to the effective abolition of child labour. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that a new National Plan of Action (NPA) has been drafted during 2004, to replace the previous NPA. One of the aims with the new NPA is to improve the well being of the Ethiopian children. The issue of child labour is also appropriately addressed in this NPA. The Committee requests the Government to provide more detailed information on the implementation of the NPA and on the results attained.

Article 2, paragraph 1. Scope of application. The Committee had previously noted that section 89(2) of the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42 of 1993 prohibits employment of persons under 14 years of age. It had also noted that section 3(1) of the Labour Law specifies that it “shall be applicable to employment relations based on a contract of employment that exists between a worker and an employer”. The Committee had observed that the provisions of the Labour Law do not cover work performed outside an employment relationship. The Committee recalls that the Convention applies to all branches of economic activity and that it covers all types of employment or work, whether under a labour relationship or contract of employment or not, and whether it is remunerated or not. It therefore once again requests the Government to indicate the measures taken or envisaged to ensure the application of the Convention to all types of work, including work carried out by persons under 14 years of age who work on their own account.

Article 3, paragraphs 1 and 2. Minimum age for admission to, and determination of hazardous work. The Committee had previously noted that section 89(3) of the Labour Law Proclamation provides that “it is prohibited to employ young workers for work which, on account of its nature or due to the condition in which it is carried out, endangers the life or health of the young worker”, a “young worker” being defined as a person who has attained the age of 14 years, but is not over the age of 18 years (section 89(1)). It had also taken note of the decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers. The Committee had further noted that all work that could be harmful to the health and safety of the young worker is prohibited (section 4(1) of the decree). Section 4(1) of the decree contains a detailed list of types of hazardous work and a general prohibition of all other kinds of work likely to jeopardize the young worker’s morals or physical condition/health. The Committee had observed that, according to section 4(2) of the decree, the prohibition set out in section 4(1) does not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. The Committee notes the Government’s statement that the Labour Law Proclamation prohibits all young workers from carrying out hazardous work, including those engaged in apprenticeships. This is also common practice in Ethiopia. The Committee once again asks the Government to specify which kind of protection is set up to ensure that apprentices of 14 years of age and above do not engage in the hazardous work prohibited to young workers. The Committee notes that the guidelines designed to facilitate the implementation of the abovementioned decree is currently only available in Amharic. The Committee therefore requests the Government to supply a copy of the guidelines once they have been translated into one of the official languages of the ILO.

Part V of the report form. Practical application of the Convention. The Committee once again asks the Government to provide information on the manner in which the Convention is applied in practice, including, if possible, statistical data on the number of children engaged in any form of employment or work by age group and the occupations or types of work involved, extracts from the reports of inspection services, and information on the number and nature of contraventions reported.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2006, published 96th ILC session (2007)

The Committee notes the Government’s report. It requests it to supply further information on the following points.

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour. In its previous comments, the Committee had noted the Government’s statement that there is no particular policy in Ethiopia designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour and to raise progressively the minimum age for admission to employment, but that there are different economic and social policies that have indirectly addressed the issue. The Committee once again asks the Government to provide information on these policies and the results attained, in particular the education and training policy, which is to achieve universal enrolment in primary school by 2015, specifying how they contribute to the effective abolition of child labour. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that a new National Plan of Action (NPA) has been drafted during 2004, to replace the previous NPA. One of the aims with the new NPA is to improve the well being of the Ethiopian children. The issue of child labour is also appropriately addressed in this NPA. The Committee requests the Government to provide more detailed information on the implementation of the NPA and on the results attained.

Article 2, paragraph 1. Scope of application. The Committee had previously noted that section 89(2) of the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42 of 1993 prohibits employment of persons under 14 years of age. It had also noted that section 3(1) of the Labour Law specifies that it “shall be applicable to employment relations based on a contract of employment that exists between a worker and an employer”. The Committee had observed that the provisions of the Labour Law do not cover work performed outside an employment relationship. The Committee recalls that the Convention applies to all branches of economic activity and that it covers all types of employment or work, whether under a labour relationship or contract of employment or not, and whether it is remunerated or not. It therefore once again requests the Government to indicate the measures taken or envisaged to ensure the application of the Convention to all types of work, including work carried out by persons under 14 years of age who work on their own account.

Article 3, paragraphs 1 and 2. Minimum age for admission to, and determination of hazardous work. The Committee had previously noted that section 89(3) of the Labour Law Proclamation provides that “it is prohibited to employ young workers for work which, on account of its nature or due to the condition in which it is carried out, endangers the life or health of the young worker”, a “young worker” being defined as a person who has attained the age of 14 years, but is not over the age of 18 years (section 89(1)). It had also taken note of the decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers. The Committee had further noted that all work that could be harmful to the health and safety of the young worker is prohibited (section 4(1) of the decree). Section 4(1) of the decree contains a detailed list of types of hazardous work and a general prohibition of all other kinds of work likely to jeopardize the young worker’s morals or physical condition/health. The Committee had observed that, according to section 4(2) of the decree, the prohibition set out in section 4(1) does not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. The Committee notes the Government’s statement that the Labour Law Proclamation prohibits all young workers from carrying out hazardous work, including those engaged in apprenticeships. This is also common practice in Ethiopia. The Committee once again asks the Government to specify which kind of protection is set up to ensure that apprentices of 14 years of age and above do not engage in the hazardous work prohibited to young workers. The Committee notes that the guidelines designed to facilitate the implementation of the abovementioned decree is currently only available in Amharic. The Committee therefore requests the Government to supply a copy of the guidelines once they have been translated into one of the official languages of the ILO.

Part V of the report form. Practical application of the Convention. The Committee once again asks the Government to provide information on the manner in which the Convention is applied in practice, including, if possible, statistical data on the number of children engaged in any form of employment or work by age group and the occupations or types of work involved, extracts from the reports of inspection services, and information on the number and nature of contraventions reported.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2004, published 93rd ILC session (2005)

The Committee notes the Government’s report and requests it to supply further information on the following points.

Article 1 of the Convention. National policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour. In its previous comments, the Committee had noted the Government’s statement that there is no particular policy in Ethiopia designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour and to raise progressively the minimum age for admission to employment, but that there are different economic and social policies that have indirectly addressed the issue. The Committee once again asks the Government to provide information on these policies and the results attained, in particular the education and training policy, which is to achieve universal enrolment in primary school by 2015, specifying how they contribute to the effective abolition of child labour. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that a new National Plan of Action (NPA) has been drafted during 2004, to replace the previous NPA. One of the aims with the new NPA is to improve the well-being of the Ethiopian children. The issue of child labour is also appropriately addressed in this NPA. The Committee requests the Government to provide more detailed information on the implementation of the NPA and on the results attained.

Article 2, paragraph 1. Scope of application. The Committee had previously noted that section 89(2) of the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42 of 1993 prohibits employment of persons under 14 years of age. It had also noted that section 3(1) of the Labour Law specifies that it "shall be applicable to employment relations based on a contract of employment that exists between a worker and an employer". The Committee had observed that the provisions of the Labour Law do not cover work performed outside an employment relationship. The Committee recalls that the Convention applies to all branches of economic activity and that it covers all types of employment or work, whether under a labour relationship or contract of employment or not, and whether it is remunerated or not. It therefore once again requests the Government to indicate the measures taken or envisaged to ensure the application of the Convention to all types of work, including work carried out by persons under 14 years of age who work on their own account.

Article 3, paragraphs 1 and 2. Minimum age for admission to, and determination of hazardous work. The Committee had previously noted that section 89(3) of the Labour Law Proclamation provides that "it is prohibited to employ young workers for work which, on account of its nature or due to the condition in which it is carried out, endangers the life or health of the young worker", a "young worker" being defined as a person who has attained the age of 14 years, but is not over the age of 18 years (section 89(1)). It had also taken note of the decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers. The Committee had further noted that all work that could be harmful to the health and safety of the young worker is prohibited (section 4(1) of the decree). Section 4(1) of the decree contains a detailed list of types of hazardous work and a general prohibition of all other kinds of work likely to jeopardize the young worker’s morals or physical condition/health. The Committee had observed that, according to section 4(2) of the decree, the prohibition set out in section 4(1) does not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. The Committee notes the Government’s statement that the Labour Law Proclamation prohibits all young workers from carrying out hazardous work, including those engaged in apprenticeships. This is also common practice in Ethiopia. The Committee once again asks the Government to specify which kind of protection is set up to ensure that apprentices of 14 years of age and above do not engage in the hazardous work prohibited to young workers. The Committee notes that the guidelines designed to facilitate the implementation of the abovementioned decree is currently only available in Amharic. The Committee therefore requests the Government to supply a copy of the guidelines once they have been translated into one of the official languages of the ILO.

Article 4. Exclusion of limited categories of employment or work from the application of the Convention. The Committee had previously noted the Government’s statement that "up to now there is no exclusion of categories of employment or work in respect of special and substantial problems from the application of this Convention". It had also noted that "the Convention is applied in every work, categories of employment covered by the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42 of 1993". However, at the same time, the Government referred to some excluded categories of employment or work, such as work performed under the strict supervision of a family member or a guardian, which does not interfere with the child’s education, and work carried out in small-scale agriculture. The Committee notes the Government’s statement that, in practice, the scope of application of the Labour Law Proclamation does not include household work. The Committee takes note of the Government’s indication that the reason for this exclusion is that it is difficult to implement the provisions of the Convention in family undertakings where there is no employment relationship. The Committee reminds the Government that, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, a government which has excluded limited categories of employment or work from the application of the Convention, must state in subsequent reports the position of its law and practice in respect of the categories excluded and the extent to which effect has been given or is proposed to be given to the Convention in respect of such categories. Consequently, the Committee asks the Government to state, in its next report, the position of its law and practice in respect of children working in family undertakings as described by the Government, as well as to the extent to which effect has been given or is proposed to be given to the Convention in respect of work done by children in family enterprises. It also asks the Government to indicate whether the organizations of employers and workers concerned have been consulted on this matter, as required by Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention.

Article 6. Apprenticeships. The Committee had previously noted that section 170(1) of the Labour Law Proclamation provides that the Minister is competent to issue directives on the types of occupation and work in which the apprenticeship needs to be given and on the duration of apprenticeship. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that such directives have not yet been issued, but that a directive on apprenticeship will be issued in the near future. The Committee further notes that the Government’s report contains no information on whether the organizations of employers and workers concerned had been consulted on the matter. It therefore once again asks the Government to indicate if such consultations will take place in the future.

Article 8. Artistic performances. The Committee had previously noted the absence of any provisions in the national legislation allowing exceptions to the prohibition of employment or work for such purposes as participation in artistic performances to children under the minimum age for admission to employment or work. Noting the absence of information from the Government, the Committee once again asks the Government to provide information on the practice in this field and to indicate whether it is envisaged to introduce any legislation on this matter.

Article 9, paragraph 3. Keeping of registers by employers. The Committee had previously noted that section 12(6) of the Labour Law Proclamation provides that employers shall keep a register indicating, among others, the name and age of the workers they employ. It had asked the Government to provide a model of the register in question. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that there is no specific model of registers available to persons employing children under the age of 18 years. National legislation provides for flexibility in this case as certain items must be included in the registers, while others are left to the employer to elaborate depending on the type of work and the conditions under which the work is carried out. The Committee takes note of this information.

Part V of the report form. Practical application of the Convention. The Committee notes that the Government’s report contains no information on this point. It therefore once again asks the Government to provide information on the manner in which the Convention is applied in practice, including, if possible, statistical data on the number of children engaged in any form of employment or work by age group and the occupations or types of work involved, extracts from the reports of inspection services, and information on the number and nature of contraventions reported.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2003, published 92nd ILC session (2004)

The Committee takes note of the Government’s first report and requests it to provide information on the following points.

Article 1 of the Convention. The Committee notes the Government’s statement in its report that there is no particular policy in Ethiopia designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour and to raise progressively the minimum age for admission to employment, but that there are different economic and social policies that have indirectly addressed the issue. It asks the Government to provide information on these policies and the results attained, in particular the education and training policy, which is to achieve universal enrolment in primary school by 2015, specifying how they contribute to the effective abolition of child labour. The Committee also notes the statement by the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs at the 27th Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly on Children, on 10 May 2002, that the Government of Ethiopia has prepared a National Plan of Action (NPA) to improve the well-being of the Ethiopian children, and asks it to provide information on this NPA and on the results attained.

Article 2, paragraph 1. The Committee notes that section 89(2) of the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42 of 1993 prohibits employment of persons under 14 years of age. It notes that section 3(1) of the Proclamation specifies that it "shall be applicable to employment relations based on a contract of employment that exists between a worker and an employer". The Committee notes that work performed outside an employment relationship is not covered by the provisions of the Proclamation. It, therefore, requests the Government to indicate which provisions of the national legislation, if any, prohibit work performed outside an employment relationship to persons under 14 years of age who are self-employed.

Article 3. The Committee notes that section 89(3) of the Labour Law Proclamation provides that "it is prohibited to employ young workers for work which, on account of its nature or due to the condition in which it is carried out, endangers the life or health of the young worker", a "young worker" being defined as "a person who has attained the age of 14, but is not over the age of 18 years" (section 89(1)). The Committee also takes note of the decree of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs of 2 September 1997 concerning the prohibition of work for young workers. It notes that all work that could be harmful to the health and safety of the young worker is prohibited (section 4(1)). Section 4(1) of the decree contains a detailed list of hazardous works and a general prohibition of all other kinds of work likely to jeopardize the young worker’s moral or physical condition/health. The Committee notes that, according to section 4(2) of the decree, the prohibition set out in section 4(1) does not apply to persons who carry out such activities in the course of professional education in vocational centres. According to section 48(2) of the Labour Law Proclamation, contracts of apprenticeship may be concluded with persons at least 14 years of age. Therefore, the Committee asks the Government to specify which kind of protection is set up to ensure that apprentices of 14 or 15 years of age do not engage in the hazardous works prohibited to young workers. The Committee also asks the Government to specify if the employers’ and workers’ organizations concerned have been consulted prior to the establishment of the categories of hazardous works prohibited to young workers. The Committee notes from the Government’s report that the Labour Inspectorate has prepared guidelines designed to facilitate the implementation of the above decree ("Directive" in the Government’s report). It requests the Government to supply a copy of these guidelines.

Article 4. The Committee notes the Government’s statement in its report that "up to now there is no exclusion of categories of employment or work in respect of special and substantial problems from the application of this Convention". It notes that "the Convention is applied in every work, categories of employment covered by the Labour Law Proclamation No. 42/93". However, at the same time, the Government refers to some excluded categories of employment or work, such as "work performed by strict supervision of family or guardian without interfering with the child’s education family and small-scale holding agricultures". The Committee requests the Government to provide additional information concerning the categories of employment or work which are excluded under Article 4 of the Convention, especially as regards the reasons for such exclusion and the situation of child labour in such excluded categories. It also requests the Government to indicate whether the employers’ and workers’ organizations concerned have been consulted on this matter. The Committee recalls that paragraph 1 of this Article of the Convention authorizes, in so far as necessary, the competent authority to exclude limited categories of employment or work in respect of which special and substantial problems of application arise. The Committee requests the Government to provide a detailed review of the situation in its next report.

Article 6. The Committee notes that section 170(1) of the Labour Law Proclamation provides that the Minister is competent to issue directives on the types of occupation and works in which apprenticeship need to be given and on the duration of apprenticeship. The Committee asks the Government to indicate if such directives have been issued by the Minister and, if so, to supply a copy of them. The Committee is particularly concerned about the possibility for apprentices aged 14 and 15 to engage in hazardous works, and refers on this matter to its comments under Article 3 above. The Committee notes that no consultations have yet taken place with the employers’ and workers’ organizations on the matter. It asks the Government to indicate if such consultations will take place in the future.

Article 8. The Committee notes the absence of any provisions in the national legislation allowing exceptions to the prohibition of employment or work for such purposes as participation in artistic performances to children under the minimum age for admission to employment or work. It asks the Government to provide information on the practice in this field and to indicate whether it is envisaged to introduce any legislation on this matter.

Article 9, paragraph 3. The Committee notes that section 12(6) of the Labour Law Proclamation provides that employers shall keep a register indicating, among others, the name and age of the workers they employ. It asks the Government to provide a model of the register in question.

Part V of the report form. The Committee asks the Government to provide information on the manner in which the Convention is applied in practice, including, if possible, statistical data on the number of children engaged in any form of employment or work and the occupations or types of work involved, extracts from the reports of inspection services, and information on the number and nature of contraventions reported.