Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) - Haiti (Ratification: 2007)

The Committee notes the observations of the Confederation of Public and Private Sector Workers (CTSP) received on 4 September 2019. The Committee requests the Government to provide its comments in this respect.

The Committee notes with deep concern that the Government’s report has not been received. It is therefore bound to repeat its previous comments. The Committee informs the Government that, if it has not supplied replies to the points raised by 1 September 2020, then it may proceed with the examination of the application of the Convention on the basis of the information at its disposal at its next session.

The Committee notes the observations of the Confederation of Public and Private Sector Workers (CTSP) received on 30 August 2017 and 29 August 2018, concerning the weakness of the law enforcement bodies in combating trafficking in children, and the absence of rehabilitation and reintegration measures for restavèks children (child domestic workers).

The Committee notes the Government’s communication received on 30 October 2018 in which it informs the Committee that, further to the conclusions of the Conference Committee, it has requested ILO technical assistance with a view to helping in the presentation of the reports due, strengthening the inspection services, consolidating social dialogue for the continuation of social reforms, and addressing the other points raised by the Conference Committee. The Government adds that it hopes to receive the requested assistance before the next session of the International Labour Conference. The Committee hopes that this technical assistance will be provided without delay.

The Committee notes with concern that the Government’s report has not been received. It is therefore bound to repeat its previous comments initially made in 2015.

The Committee notes that the Law No. CL/2014-0010 of 2 June 2014 on the fight against trafficking in persons has been adopted.

Article 3 of the Convention. Worst forms of child labour. Clause (a). All forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery. Sale and trafficking of children. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that, according to the report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, a new trend has been observed with regard to the employment of children as domestic workers (designated by the Creole term restavèks). This consists of the emergence of persons who recruit children from rural areas to work as domestic servants in urban families and outside the home in markets. The Special Rapporteur noted that this new trend has caused many observers to describe the phenomenon as trafficking, since parents are now handing their children over to strangers, whereas previously they entrusted the children to relatives. The Committee noted the observations of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) that smuggling and trafficking in children was continuing, particularly towards the Dominican Republic. The ITUC has gathered serious eyewitness reports of sexual abuse and violence, even including murder, against young women and young girls who have been trafficked, particularly by Dominican military personnel and expressed concern at the fact that there does not appear to be a law under which those responsible for trafficking in persons can be brought to justice and that a draft legislation was to be adopted by the Parliament.

The Committee notes with interest the adoption of Law No. CL/2014-0010 of 2 June 2014 on the fight against trafficking in persons. The Law provides that trafficking in children, meaning the procuring, enlistment, transfer, transportation, accommodation or reception of a child for the purposes of exploitation constitutes an aggravating circumstance giving rise to life imprisonment (sections 11 and 21). The Committee notes, however, that, according to its 2014 concluding observations (CCPR/C/HTI/CO/1, paragraph 14), the Human Rights Committee remains concerned about the continuing exploitation of restavèks children and the lack of statistics on, and results from, the investigations into the perpetrators of trafficking. Similarly, the Committee notes that, according to the 2015 report of the independent expert on the human rights situation in Haiti (A/HRC/28/82, paragraph 65 with reference to A/HRC/25/71, paragraph 56), the restavèks phenomenon is the consequence of the weakness of the rule of law and those children are systematically unpaid, subjected to forced labour, and exposed to physical and/or verbal violence. Their number was estimated at 225,000 by UNICEF in 2012. The Committee, therefore, urges the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure the effective implementation of Law No. CL/2014-0010, in particular in ensuring that in-depth investigations and effective prosecutions are completed with regard to perpetrators of trafficking of children under 18 years of age. The Committee also requests the Government to provide statistical data on the application of the law in practice, including the number and nature of the violations reported, investigations, prosecutions, convictions and the penal sanctions applied.

Clauses (a) and (d). Forced or compulsory labour and hazardous work. Child domestic labour. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the situation of hundreds of thousands of restavèk children who are often exploited under conditions that qualify as forced labour. It noted that in practice many of these children, some of whom are only 4 or 5 years old, are the victims of exploitation, are obliged to work long hours without pay, face all kinds of discrimination and bullying, receive poor lodging and food and are often victims of physical, psychological and sexual abuse. In addition, very few of them attend school. The Committee also noted the repeal of Chapter IX of Title V of the Labour Code, relating to children in service, by the Act of 2003 for the prohibition and elimination of all forms of abuse, violence, ill-treatment or inhumane treatment of children (the Act of 2003). It noted that the prohibition set out in section 2(1) of the Act of 2003 covers the exploitation of children, including servitude, forced or compulsory labour, forced services and work which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children, without however establishing penalties for violations of its provisions. The Committee noted that the repealed provisions included section 341 of the Labour Code, under which a child from the age of 12 years could be entrusted to a family to be engaged in domestic work. The Committee nevertheless observed that section 3 of the Act of 2003 provides that a child may be entrusted to a host family in the context of a relationship of assistance and solidarity.

The Committee noted previously that the Special Rapporteur, in her report, expressed deep concern at the vagueness of the concept of assistance and solidarity and considered that the provisions of the Act of 2003 allow the practice of restavèk to be perpetuated. According to the report of the Special Rapporteur, the number of children working as restavèk is between 150,000 and 500,000 (paragraph 17), which represents about one in ten children in Haiti (paragraph 23). Following interviews with restavèk children, the Special Rapporteur ascertained that all of them were given heavy workloads by their host families, which were often incompatible with their full physical and mental development (paragraph 25). Moreover, the Special Rapporteur was told that these children are often ill-treated and subjected to physical, psychological and sexual abuse (paragraph 35). Representatives of the Government and of civil society pointed out that cases of children being beaten and burnt were routinely reported (paragraph 37). The Committee noted that, in view of these findings, the Special Rapporteur described the restavèk system as a contemporary form of slavery.

The Committee notes the ITUC’s allegations that the earthquake of 12 January 2010 resulted in an abrupt deterioration in the living conditions of the population of Haiti and increasingly precarious working conditions. According to the ITUC, an increasing number of children are engaged as restavèk and it is highly probable that their conditions have deteriorated further. Many of the eyewitness accounts gathered by the ITUC refer to extremely arduous working conditions, and exploitation is often combined with degrading working conditions, very long hours of work, the absence of leave and sexual exploitation and situations of extreme violence.

The Committee notes the Government’s recognition that the engagement of restavèk children in domestic work is similar to forced labour. It once again expresses deep concern at the exploitation of children under 18 years of age in domestic work performed under conditions similar to slavery and in hazardous conditions. It once again reminds the Government that, under the terms of Article 3(a) and (d) of the Convention, work or employment by children under 18 years of age under conditions that are similar to slavery or that are hazardous comprise the worst forms of child labour and, under the terms of Article 1, are to be eliminated as a matter of urgency. The Committee requests the Government to take immediate and effective measures to ensure in law and practice that children under 18 years of age are not engaged as domestic workers under conditions similar to slavery or in hazardous conditions, taking into account the special situation of girls. In this respect, it urges the Government to take the necessary measures to amend the provisions of the national legislation, and particularly section 3 of the Act of 2003, which allow the continuation of the practice of restavèk. The Committee also requests the Government to take the necessary measures to ensure that in-depth investigations are conducted and effective prosecutions of persons subjecting children under 18 years of age to forced domestic work or to hazardous domestic labour, and that sufficiently effective and dissuasive penalties are imposed in practice.

Article 5. Monitoring mechanisms. Child protection brigade. The Committee notes the ITUC’s allegation that a child protection brigade (BPM) exists in Haiti protecting the borders. However, the ITUC indicates that the corruption of officials on both sides of the border has not been eradicated and that the routes for trafficking in persons avoid the four official border posts and pass through remote locations where more serious situations of abuse against the life and integrity of migrants probably occur.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that the BPM is a specialized police unit which arrests traffickers, who are then brought to justice. However, the Government adds that, during judicial inquiries, procedural issues are often used by those charged to escape justice. The Committee is bound to express concern at the weakness of the monitoring mechanisms in preventing the phenomenon of trafficking in children for exploitation. The Committee requests the Government to take the necessary measures to strengthen the capacity of the BPM to monitor and combat trafficking in children under 18 years of age and to bring those guilty to justice. It requests the Government to provide information on the measures adopted in this respect and the results achieved.

Article 7(2). Effective and time-bound measures. Clause (b). Providing the necessary and appropriate direct assistance for the removal of children from the worst forms of child labour and for their rehabilitation and social integration. Sale and trafficking. In its previous comments, the Committee noted that, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime report of February 2009: Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, no system exists to provide the victims of trafficking with care or assistance, nor are there any reception centres for victims of trafficking. It also noted that the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), in its concluding observations (CEDAW/C/HTI/CO/7, 10 February 2009, paragraph 26), expressed concern at the lack of reception centres for women and girls who are victims of trafficking.

The Committee notes the ITUC’s allegations that there is a public system of care and assistance for persons who are victims of trafficking. The reports gathered by the ITUC indicate that victims are referred to the police forces, which relay them to the Social Welfare and Research Institute (IBESR), which then places them in reception centres.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that a pilot social protection programme was envisaged, but that the earthquake of 12 January 2010 undermined the implementation of the programme. The Committee urges the Government to take effective measures for the provision of the necessary and appropriate direct assistance for the removal of child victims of sale and trafficking and for their rehabilitation and social integration. In this respect, it requests the Government to provide information on the number of children under 18 years of age who are victims of trafficking and who have been placed in reception centres through the police forces and the IBESR.

Clause (d). Identifying and reaching out to children at special risk. Restavèk children. In its previous comments, the Committee noted the existence of programmes for the reintegration of restavèk children established by the IBESR in cooperation with various international and non-governmental organizations. It noted that these programmes focus on reintegration in the family setting with a view to promoting the social and psychological development of the children concerned. However, it noted that the Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its concluding observations, had expressed deep concern at the situation of restavèk children placed in domestic service and recommended that the Government take urgent steps to ensure that restavèk children are provided with physical and psychological rehabilitation and social reintegration services (CRC/C/15/Add.202, 18 March 2003, paragraphs 56 and 57).

The Committee notes the ITUC’s indications that it has been informed of initiatives for the reintegration of restavèk children implemented, among others, with the support of UNICEF and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). While welcoming these initiatives, the ITUC calls on the Government to ensure that these programmes continue to be combined with measures intended to improve the living conditions of the families of origin of the children.

The Committee notes the Government’s indication that cases of the ill treatment of children in domestic service are taken up by the IBESR, which is responsible for placing them in families for the purposes of their physical and psychological rehabilitation. However, the Government recognizes that there are still only a few such cases. The Committee urges the Government to intensify its efforts to ensure that restavèk children benefit from physical and psychological rehabilitation and social integration services in the framework of programmes for the reintegration of restavèk children or through the IBESR.

Article 8. International cooperation. Sale and trafficking of children. The Committee previously noted that the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour, in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was studying the problem of the exploitation of persons in sugar cane plantations in the Dominican Republic and of children reduced to begging in that country, and intends to engage in bilateral negotiations with a view to resolving the situation. It also noted that the CEDAW, in its concluding observations (CEDAW/C/HTI/CO/7, 10 February 2009, paragraph 27), encourages the Government “to conduct research on the root causes of trafficking and to enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation with neighbouring countries, in particular the Dominican Republic, to prevent trafficking and bring perpetrators to justice”.

The Committee notes once again that the Government’s report does not contain information on this subject. It once again requests the Government to provide information in its next report on the progress made in the negotiations for the adoption of a bilateral agreement with the Dominican Republic.

The Committee is raising other matters in a request addressed directly to the Government.

The Committee expects that the Government will make every effort to take the necessary action in the near future.